SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NAKHON SAWAN RAJABHAT UNIVERSITY JOURNAL

Evaluation of the Integral \int_{0}^{y} \frac{tanh(x)}{x} dx; y\geqslant 1 from BCS Theory in Analytic Form via Numerical Convergence Method.

Chanun Sricheewin — Tue, 14 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

In the weak-coupling limit of superconductivity BCS theory, the energy-gap equation near the transition temperature involves the integral where providing =Boltzmann constant and is the transition temperature parameter of this superconductor, and represents the Debye frequency of the normal-metal lattice associated with this superconductor. This integral is not simple to evaluate since its upper limit is not a constant but a variable. So far, there exists a pure analytic method to carry out this integral but complication arises. One has to deal with intuitive integration by parts and infinite series of Dirichlet Eta function. In this article we devise a new method using simple analytic and numerical techniques to carry out the integral. Based on a remarkable mathematical property that the hyperbolic tangent function may be approximated as unity for large , we replace with the new function of 2 domains separated by a critical parameter named between which the function takes the value of hyperbolic tangent function and unity. Suitable yields the correct integral. We call this “numerical convergence method”. Both techniques yield the same result, i.e. . This result was employed further to find the ratio Cooper pair binding energy/.

Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. leaf Pectin

Premjit Rongsawat, Suwanna Pholmai, Banthita Poosabmee, Thitikorn Prombanchong — Fri, 25 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The purpose of this research was to study pectin extracted from dried Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl leaves with difference acid type solution i.e. acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid) adjusted pH 3. Pectin extracted from dried leaves had an extraction percentage in the range of 0.15±0.07 - 0.33±0.16%. The pectin extract employing sulfuric acid solution adjusted pH 3 had the highest amounts of galacturonic acid, esterification percentage, and methoxyl, measuring 52.86±1.72 mg/g, 32.64±1.20%, and 5.40±0.07, respectively, while commercial pectin had the value of 91.27±0.73 mg/g. 45.07±0.26 and 7.35±0.04%, respectively. These results indicated that our pectin belonged to the group of low levels of esterification and methoxyl pectin as well as the extracted pectin was analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, which revealed the present of –OH –CH –COOH –COOCH₃ and –COO^-functional groups corresponding to the commercial pectin. Therefore, it was concluded that the substances extracted from dried T. laurifolia leaves using various acids at pH 3 was pectin.

A System for Evaluating Food Stalls according to Food Sanitation Regulations through a Web Application.

Tue, 29 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Currently, the evaluation format of food stalls of Health Center 3 uses a paper for evaluation, resulting in a large amount of paper, making it difficult to collect data, causing delays and wasting resources. In addition, incorrect processing or data loss may occur. This study aimed to investigate requirement patterns and develop a food stall evaluation system based on food sanitation regulations. The research began with data collection from documents and related studies, followed by interviews with 11 executives and staff members from Health Center 3. The collected data were analyzed to identify system requirements. The interview results indicated that users desired a system with the following features: a home screen, evaluation criteria, policy guidelines, report results, a contact us section, registration functionality, and a login portal for staff to conduct evaluations. Next, the data were analyzed using an object-oriented approach, including use case diagrams, class diagrams, and activity diagrams. The system’s interface was then designed and developed using Sublime Text 3 as the primary editor, MariaDB for database management, and HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, and PHP 7.4.8 for programming. After development, the system was tested and evaluated by 24 users. The results showed that users were highly satisfied with the system’s performance, with a mean satisfaction score of 4.30 (standard deviation = 0.72). This suggests that the system effectively supports Health Center 3 staff and assessors in managing evaluations. Executives could also access evaluation reports more conveniently and efficiently. Additionally, the system was user-friendly and accessible across smartphones, tablets, and desktop computers.

Plankton Community Structure in Naruebodindrachinta Reservoir, Prachinburi Province

Vichaya Gunbua, Hathaichanok Nahuanil, Thanya Panritdam — Fri, 10 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to analyze the structure of the plankton community in the Naruebodindrachinda Reservoir, Prachin Buri Province. Samples were collected from 9 stations in October 2021, January 2022, and May 2022. Phytoplankton samples were collected with a 20-micrometer net by filtering 10 liters of water, while zooplankton samples were collected using a 175-micrometer net dragged vertically for 5 meters. A total of 6 divisions and 44 genera of phytoplankton were found, including the division Chlorophyta (green algae) with 22 genera, Cyanophyta (blue-green algae) with 11 genera, Euglenophyta (euglenoids) with 3 genera, Pyrrhophyta (dinoflagellates) with 3 genera, Chrysophyta (chrysophytes) with 3 genera, and Bacillariophyta (diatoms) with 2 genera. The Chlorophyta division was the dominant group with the highest number of genera (22 genera), and an average density of 344,460–371,293 cells per liter. As for the zooplankton, 3 phyla and 5 groups were found: the phylum Arthropoda (Copepod, Cladocera, and Ostracod groups), the phylum Protozoa (Vorticella group), and the phylum Rotifera (Rotifer group). Cladocera was the dominant group, with an average density of 12,476–23,486 individuals per cubic meter. The diversity and density of plankton tended to vary with the seasons, reflecting the influence of changing environmental factors over time.

A Comparative Study on Lettuce Seed Germination Rates Conventional and Smart Greenhouses using Internet of Things Technology

Pariyakorn Buathong, Yotsawat Jantana, Akkasit Sittisaman — Tue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to develop a smart greenhouse using Internet of Things (IoT) technology and to compare its efficiency with a conventional greenhouse. It is an engineering research and development project applying the ESP32 microcontroller to collect data from sensors to measure air temperature/humidity, soil moisture, and light intensity. These sensors’data are used to control the on-off of water pumps’operation based on soil moisture values and to operate the mist spraying system according to the specified temperature. The data is saved on the cloud, and users can track and set settings via smartphones. Three types of lettuce seeds: Red Oak, Green Oak, and Frillice Iceberg were cultivated simultaneously in both the smart and conventional greenhouses. The smart greenhouse was found to function properly under the defined conditions. The misting system reduced the average internal temperature by 3°C compared to the conventional greenhouse. The watering system can maintain soil moisture within a 32%–43% range which is a more suitable and stable range than the conventional greenhouse, which ranged from 28%–48%. Comparisons revealed that lettuce grown in the smart greenhouse had higher and more consistent seed germination percentages and germination index, with a mean germination time of 4.32 days. Seedlings in the smart greenhouse exhibited a 21.5% higher average growth rate than those in the conventional greenhouse and showed lower relative variation. In conclusion, the developed smart greenhouse proved effective in controlling environmental conditions and enhancing the germination rate and growth of lettuce compared to a conventional greenhouse.

Assessment of Radiation Health Risk Indices from the Consumption of Commercially Available Thai Seasoning Products

Promporn Muangsong, Pungtip Kaewtubtim — Tue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study investigated the concentrations of natural sources radiation (²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K) and a human sources radiation (¹³⁷Cs) in Thai seasoning products, including spices and condiments. A total of 56 samples across 9 different types of products were analyzed using gamma-ray spectrometry with a High Purity Germanium detector (HPGe). The objective was to evaluate the effective dose (E), annual effective dose (AED), total dose (D), and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) associated with the consumption of these products. The results showed that the average effective dose (E) was 4.51 μSv/y. The average annual effective doses (AED) for ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K, and ¹³⁷Cs were 1.02, 3.07, 0.57 and 0.02 μSv/y, respectively, resulting in a total dose (D) of 4.51 μSv/y. This value is significantly lower than the global average annual effective dose from ingestion of natural radionuclides in food, which is approximately 290 μSv/y. The mean Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) was found to be 0.16x10^-4, which is below the internationally accepted risk threshold range of 1x10^-6 - 1x10^-4. In conclusion, the study indicates that all analyzed Thai seasoning products do not pose a radiation health risk assessment to consumers.

Rubik’s Magic Square Number

Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to develop a prototype 3×3 Rubik’s Cube that incorporates the mathematical concept of magic squares in place of traditional colored faces. Each face of the cube is designed to display a unique magic square with distinct magic constants: 12, 21, 30, 39, 48, and 57. Although the cube retains the standard rotational mechanics of a conventional Rubik’s Cube, players must apply mathematical reasoning and logical thinking to arrange the numbers correctly according to the magic square rules. The Magic Rubik serves as an innovative educational tool that enhances analytical thinking, problem-solving, and mathematical skills.

Studied of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoids, and Total Anthocyanins in Dragon Blood Tea Extract for the Development of a Phototype Cosmetic Shampoo

Fri, 26 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research to evaluate the antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of Dragon Blood Tea (DBT) extract for its potential application in the development of a prototype cosmetic shampoo. The DBT samples underwent a two-step extraction process, starting with 95% ethanol, followed by deionized water (DI) extraction of the remaining residue. The DI extract was then concentrated and freeze-dried, yielding a dark purple crude extract. Antioxidant activity, assessed by the ABTS radical scavenging assay, showed that the extract had an IC₅₀ value of 13.54±0.17 mg/L, compared to the standard antioxidant trolox (IC₅₀ = 2.52±0.09 mg/L). The extract also contained a high level of phytochemicals, including 24.12±0.29 mg GAE/g of total phenolic compounds, 23.78±0.78 mg RE/g of total flavonoids, and 0.79±0.05 mg/g of anthocyanins. Four prototype shampoo formulations (A1, A2, B1, and B2) were developed with varying concentrations of DBT extract. Among them, Formulation A1, containing 0.5% w/w of the extract, exhibited the most favorable physicochemical properties, including color stability, pH (6.13–6.25), viscosity, foaming capacity, and cleansing efficacy after compared with hair tress control. It also demonstrated excellent stability under accelerated storage conditions.

Effects of Post-Harvest Rice Residue Management on Particulate Matter Generation

Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to investigate and assess air pollution caused by rice straw and stubble burning, and to identify appropriate strategies for reducing fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Kung Tapao Sub-district, Mueang District, Wang Daeng Sub-district, Tron District, and Korum Sub-district, Pichai District, Uttaradit Province. The research employed secondary data collection from relevant agencies, field surveys, and both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Data were collected from 909 rice-farming households and 20 stakeholders, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation. The results revealed that PM2.5 concentrations exceeded national standards between January and April 2024. A strong positive correlation was found between the number of hotspots and PM2.5, PM10, and the Air Quality Index (AQI) (r = 0.788, 0.792, and 0.815, respectively; p < 0.05). In addition, it was found that production costs and aging were obstacles to rice straw management. Meanwhile, attitudes, knowledge about fine particulate matter (PM2.5), land holdings for farming, income, knowledge about rice production, labor, family members and experiences are important contributing factors to sustainable rice straw management. Most farmers see it as a good idea to stop burning in the open air. Landfill and the use of straw as green manure or animal feed are suitable guidelines to reduce fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Policies aimed at reducing the burning of stubble and rice straw should be implemented in tandem with financial support. Strict legal measures, knowledge building as well as integrating community cooperation with government and private agencies to achieve long-term sustainable outcomes.

Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process in Electric Vehicle Adoption Decision-Making

Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to study the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in electric vehicle (EV) adoption decisions. Data was collected through interviews with 30 EV users at public charging stations to determine the weights and priorities of influential factors. Five main criteria were considered: Perceived Benefits, Ease of Use, Perceived Risks, Social Influence, and Perceived Usefulness, encompassing 15 sub-criteria. The findings revealed that Ease of Use was the most significant factor, followed by Perceived Benefits and Perceived Risks. Among the sub-criteria, "Reduced costs due to no fuel requirement" had the highest weight under Perceived Benefits, "Ease of driving" was most important under Ease of Use, "Limited charging stations" carried the most weight under Perceived Risks, "Recommendations from friends and social circles influencing purchase decisions" was most influential under Social Influence, and "Using an EV provides a feeling of being modern" was most significant under Perceived Usefulness. These results are consistent with existing research on factors influencing EV adoption, particularly concerning usability, convenience, and infrastructure concerns. This research is expected to benefit manufacturers, distributors, and policymakers in promoting EV adoption in Thailand.