Applicability Assessment of Oil Palm Trunk Biochar for Use as Soil Amendment: Morphology, Structure, and Chemical Properties
Keywords:
Carbon, Characterization, Drum retort kiln, Heavy metal, PyrolysisAbstract
This study was conducted to investigate the quality of biochars derived from oil palm trunk (OPT) based on relative trunk height (bottom, middle, top). The OPT biochars were produced by drum retort kiln with a temperature range of 300-400°C (slow pyrolysis conditions). Morphology, structure, chemical properties and heavy metal content of the OPT biochars were measured in order to assess their suitability for use as a soil amendment. The synthesized carbon was analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The morphology of the OPT biochars was analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) to identify mineral species on the OPT biochar surface. The analytical methods applied for biochar characterization were proximate analysis and elemental analysis. Characterization of surface functional groups of the OPT biochar was carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). According to the analysis results, the biochar derived from bottom OPT had the highest intensity peak measured by XRD; it contained 62.05% fixed carbon, 69.21% carbon, and it had the lowest oxygen content at 26.28%. The highest number of pores was found in biochar derived from top OPT. Overall, the biochars had rich macronutrients, numerous functional groups, and low heavy metal content. This study showed the applicability of oil palm trunk biochar for use as a soil amendment for agricultural applications.
References
WBA: World Bioenergy Association. Global bioenergy statistics 2022 [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 2]. Available from: https://www.world-bioenergy.org› uploads›22.
Chum HL, Overend RP. Biomass and renewable fuels. Fuel Processing Technology. 2001;71:187-95.
McKendry P. Energy production from biomass (part 2): conversion technologies. Bioresource Technology. 2002;83:47-54.
Nizamuddin S, Jayakumar NS, Sahu JN, Ganesan P, Bhutto AW, Mubarak NM. Hydrothermal carbonization of oil palm shell. Korean Journal Chemical Engineering. 2015;32:1789-97.
Fan L, Sun P, Yang L, Xu Z, Han. Facile and scalable synthesis of nitrogen-dope ordered mesoporous carbon for high performance supercapsitors. Korean Journal Chemical Engineering. 2020;(37)1: 166-75.
Kim S, Tsang YF, Kwon EE, Lin KYA, Lee J. Korean Journal Chemical Engineering. 2019;(36)1: 1.
Lehmann J. A Handful of Carbon. Nature. 2007;447: 143-4.
BPS-Statistics Indonesia. Indonesia oil palm statistics 2021. Directorate of Food Crop, Horticulture and Estate Crop Statistics. 2022.
Lam WY, Kulak M, Sim S, King H, Huijbregts M, Chaplin-Kramer R. Greenhouse gas footprints of palm oil production in Indonesia over space and time. Science of The Total Environment. 2019;688:827-37.
Nabila R, Hidayat W, Haryanto A, Hasanudin U, Iryani DA, Lee S, Kim S. et al. Oil palm biomass in Indonesia: Thermochemical upgrading and its utilization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2023;176:13193
Hambali E, Rivai, M. The potential of palm oil waste biomass in Indonesia 2020 and 2030. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2017;65:012050.
Corley RHV, Tinker PB. The Oil Palm. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 2003.
Directorate General of Estate Crops Ministry of Agriculture. Tree Crop Estate Statistics of Indonesia 2018-2020. Palm Oil. Jakarta: Directorate General of Estate Crops; 2019.
Khor K, Lim K, Zainal ZA. Laboratory-scale pyrolysis of oil palm trunks. Energy Sources: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects. 2010;32(6):518-31.
Lehmann J. A Handful of Carbon. Nature Publishing Group. 2007;447:143-4.
Lehmann J, Joseph S. Biochar for environmental management: An Introduction. In: Lehmann J, Joseph, S, editors. Biochar for environmental management. London, Earthscan: Science and Technology; 2009. p. 1-12.
Ok YS, Chang SX, Gao B, Chung HJ. SMART biochar technology— a shifting paradigm towards advanced materials and healthcare research. Environmental Technolology and Innovation. 2015;4:206-9.
El-Naggara A, Lee SS, Rinklebed J, Farooqf M, Songe H, Sarmahh AK, Zimmermani AR, Ahmadj M, Shaheend SM, Oka YS. Biochar application to low fertility soils: A review of current status, and future prospects. Geoderma. 2019;337:536-54.
Sun Y, Gao B, Yao Y, Fang J, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Chen H, Yang L. Effects of feedstock type, production method, and pyrolysis temperature on biochar and hydrochar properties. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2013;240:574-8.
Weber K, Quicker P. Properties of biochar. Fuel. 2018;217:240-61.
Qureshi SS, Premchand, Javed M, SaeedS, Abro R, Mazari SA, Mubarak NM, Siddiqui MTH, Baloch HA, Nizamuddin S. Hydrothermal carboni-zation of oil palm trunk via taguchi method. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2021;38(4):797-806.
Lim KO, Lim KS. Carbonisation of oil palm trunks at moderate temperatures. Bioresource Technology. 1992;40:215-9.
Abnisa F, Arami-Niya A, Wan Daud WMA, Sahu JN, Noor IM. Utilization of oil palm tree residues to produce bio-oil and bio-char via pyrolysis. Energy Conversion and Management. 2013;76:1073-82
Yakub MI, Abdalla AY, Feroz KK, Suzana Y, Ibraheem A, Chin SA. Pyrolysis of oil palm residues in a fixed bed tubular reactor. Journal of Power and Energy Engineering. 2015;3(4):185-93.
Abdullah H, Jie WS, Yusof N, Isa IM. Fuel and ash properties of biochar produced from microwave-assisted carbonisation of oil palm trunk core. Journal of Oil Palm Research. 2016;28(1):81-92.
Loh SK. The potential of the Malaysian oil palm biomass as a renewable energy source. Energy Conversion and Management. 2017;141:285-98.
Nudri NA, Bachmann RT, Ghani WAWAK, Sum DNK, Azni AA. Characterization of oil palm trunk biocoal and its suitability for solid fuel applications. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2020;10:45-55.
Sakulkit P, Palamanit A, Dejchanchaiwong R, Reubroycharoen P. Characteristics of pyrolysis products from pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of rubber wood and oil palm trunk biomass for biofuel and value-added applications. Journal Environment and Chemical Engineering. 2020;8(6):104561.
Shrivastava P, Khongphakdi P, Palamanit A, Kumar A, Tekasakul, P. Investigation of physicochemical properties of oil palm biomass for evaluating potential of biofuels production via pyrolysis processes. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2021;11:1987-2001.
IBI. Standardized product definition and product testing guidelines for biochar that is used in soil. International Biochar Initiative 2015. [Internet] [cited 2021 Des 21] Available from: https://biochar-international.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/IBI_Biochar_Standards_V2.1_Final1.pdf.
EBC 'European Biochar Certificate - Guidelines for a sustainable production of biochar.' Carbon Standards International (CSI), Frick, Switzerland. 2012 - 2023. [Internet] [cited 2023 May 15] Available from: http://european-biochar.org. (Version 10.3 from 5th April 2022)
Oh WK, Yoon H, Jang J. Size control of magnetic carbon nanoparticles for drug delivery. Biomaterials. 2010;31(6):1342-48.
Chen CP, Cheng CH, Huang YH, Chen CT, Lai CM, Menyailo OV, Fan LJ, Yang YW. Converting leguminous green manure into biochar: changes in chemical composition and C and N mineralization. Geoderma. 2014;232-234:581-88.
Selvamani V, Ravikumar R, Suryanarayanan V, Velayutham D, Gopukumar S. Garlic peel derived high capacity hierarchical N-doped porous carbon anode for sodium/lithium ion cell. Electrochimica Acta. 2016;190:337-45.
Keiluweit M, Nico PS, Johnson MG, Kleber M. Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (Biochar). Environmental Science Technology. 2010;44(4):1247-53.
Guizani C, Haddad K, Limousy L, Jeguirim M. New insights on the structural evolution of biomass char upon pyrolysis as revealed by the Raman spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Carbon. 2017;119: 519-21.
Karlsson Weber K, Quicker P. Properties of biochar. Fuel. 2018;217:240-61.
Hou D, Bolan NS, Tsang DCW, Kirkham MB, O’Connor D. Sustainable soil use and management: An interdisciplinary and systematic approach. Science of The Total Environment. 2020;729:138961.
Brebu M, Vasile C. Thermal degradation of lignin—a review. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology. 2010; 44(9):353-63.
Palamanit A, Khongphakdi P, Tirawanichakul Y, Phusunti N. Investigation of yields and qualities of pyrolysis products obtained from oil palm biomass using an agitated bed pyrolysis reactor. Biofuel Research Journal. 2019;6(4):1065-79.
Bensidhom G, Hassen-Trabelsia AB, Alper K, Sghairoun M, Zaafouri K, Trabelsi I. Pyrolysis of date palm waste in a fixed-bed reactor: characterization of pyrolytic products. Bioresource Technology. 2018;247:363-69.
Sianipar EM, Hutapea S, Mardiana S. Characterization of oil palm trunk biochar as soil amendment produced by using drum retort kiln. International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences. 2022;22:10-14.
Bhattacharjee N, Biswas AB. Pyrolysis of Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed): Effect of pyrolysis parameter on product yield and characterization of liquid product and biochar. Journal of The Energy Institute. 2018;91(4):605-18.
Shariff A, Hakim R, Abdullah N. Rubber wood as potential biomass feedstock for biochar via slow yrolysis. International Journal of Chemical Moleculer Engineering. 2016;10(12):1415-20.
Mukherjee A, Lal R. Biochar Impacts on Soil Physical Properties and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Agronomy 2013;3(2):313-339.
Gezahegn S, Sain M, Thomas SC. Phytotoxic condensed organic compounds are common in fast but not slow pyrolysis biochars. Bioresource Technology Reports. 2020;13:100613.
Liu WJ, Li WW, Jiang H, Yu HQ. Fates of chemical elements in biomass during its pyrolysis. Chemical Reviews. 2017;117(9):6367-98.
Raveendran K, Ganesh A, Khilar KC. Influence of mineral matter on biomass pyrolysis characteristics. Fuel. 1995;74(12):1812-22.
Umar HA, Sulaiman1 SA, Ahmad RK, Tamili SN. Characterisation of oil palm trunk and frond as fuel for biomass thermochemical. IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering. 2020;863:012011.
Camps Arbestain M, Amonette JE, Singh B, Wang T, Schmidt HP. A biochar classification system and associated test methods. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S, editors. Biochar for environmental management – science and technology. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge; 2015. p.165-94.
Wu W, Yang M, FengQ, McGrouther K, Wang H, Lu H, Chen Y. Chemical characterization of rice straw-derived biochar for soil amendment. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2012;47:268-76.
Kabir G, Din ATM, Hameed BH. Pyrolysis of oil Palm mesocarp fiber and palm frond in a slow-heating fixed-bed reactor: A comparative study. Bioresource Technololgy. 2017;241: 563-72.
Powlson DS, Whitmore AP, Goulding KWT. Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change: A critical re-examination to identify the true and the false. European Journal soil science. 2011;62:42-55.
Paterson RRM, Lima N. Climate change affecting oil palm agronomy, and oil palm cultivation increasing climate change, requires amelioration. Ecolology and Evolution. 2018;8:452-61.
Calvelo Pereira R, Kaal J, Camps Arbestain M, Pardo Lorenzo R, Aitkenhead W, Hedley M, Maci´a-Agull´o JA. Contribution to characterisation of biochar to estimate the labile fraction of carbon. Organic Geochemical. 2011;42:1331-42.
Sevilla M, Maciá-Agulló JA, Fuertes AB. Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass as a route for the sequestration of CO2: Chemical and structural properties of the carbonized products. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2011;35(7):3152-9.
Sevilla M, Fuertes AB, Mokaya R. High density hydrogen storage in superactivated carbons from hydrothermally carbonized renewable organic materials. Energy and Environmental Science. 2011;4(4):1400.
Khasanah N, Noordwijk V, Ningsih H. Aboveground carbon stocks in oil palm plantations and the threshold for carbon-neutral vegetation conversion on mineral soils. Cogent Environment Science. 2015;1(1):1119964.
Lehmann J, Rillig MC, Thies J, Masiello CA, Hockaday WC, Crowley D. Biochar effects on soil biotaea : Review. Soil Biology Biochemistry. 2011;43:1812-36.
Masek O, Brownsort P, Cross A, Sohi S. Influence of production conditions on the yield and environmental stability of biochar. Fuel. 2013;103:151-55.
Kong SH, Lam SS, Yek PNY, Liew RK, Ma NL, Osman MS, Wong CC. Self-purging microwave pyrolysis: an innovative approach to convert oil palm shell into carbon-rich biochar for methylene blue adsorption. Journal Chemical Technolology and Biotechnolology. 2019;94(5):1397-1405.
Sakhiya AK, Anand A, Aier I, Vijay VK, Kaushal P. Suitability of rice straw for biochar production through slow pyrolysis: Product characterization and thermodynamic analysis. Bioresource Technology Reports. 2021;15:100818.
Tran HN, You SJ, Chao HP. Insight into adsorption mechanism of cationic dye onto agricultural residues-derived hydrochars: Negligible role of π-π interaction. Korean Journal Chemical Engineering. 2017;34:1708-20.
Liang M, Zhang K, Lei P, Wang B, Shu CM, Li B. Fuel properties and combustion kinetics of hydrochar derived from co-hydrothermal carbonization of tobacco residues and graphene oxide. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2020;10(1):189-201.
Khan SA, Khan SB, Khan LU, Farooq A, Akhtar K, Asiri AM. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: Fundamentals and application in functional groups and nanomaterials characterization. In: Sharma SK editor. Handbook of Materials Characterization, Chapter 9. Springer International Publishing AG. 2018;p. 317-44.
Bavariani MZ, Ronaghi A, Ghasemi R. Influence of pyrolysis pemperatures on FTIR analysis, nutrient bioavailability, and agricultural use of poultry manure biochars. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2019;50(4):1-10.
Elnour YA, Alghyamah AA, Shaikh HM, Poulose AM, Al-Zahrani SM, Anis A, Al-Wabel MI. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on biochar microstructural evolution, physicochemical characteris-tics, and its influence on biochar/ polypropylene composites. Applied Sciences. 2019;9(6):1-20.
Mandal S, Pu S, He L, Ma H, Hou D. Biochar induced modification of graphene oxide & nZVI and its impact on immobilization of toxic copper in soil. Environmental Pollution. 2020;259:113851.
Yua H, Zouc W, Chene J, Chenf H, Yug Z, Huangh J, Tanga H, Weij X, Gao B. Biochar amendment improves crop production in problem soils: A review. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019;232:8-21.
Wang M, Li S, Li X, Zhao Z, Chen S. An overview of current status of copper pollution in soil and remediation efforts in China. Earth Science Frontiers. 2018;25(5):305-13.
Liu Z, Singer S, Tong Y, Kimbell L, Anderson E, Hughes M, Zitomer D, McNamara P. Characteristics and applications of biochars derived from wastewater solids. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018;90:650-64.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Science & Technology Asia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
