Application of Fly Ash to Improve Workability, Heat Generation, Autogenous Shrinkage, and Cost-Effectiveness of High Strength Concrete
Keywords:
Compressive strength, Durability, Fly ash, Ground granulated blast-furnace slag, High strength concrete, Silica fumeAbstract
This study aims to evaluate the full potential of using FA in high strength concrete (HSC) mixtures for relieving the troublesomeness in use of HSC by comparing HSC containing FA with HSC containing silica fume (SF) only and ternary binder HSC containing SF and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) based on equivalent high strength of 83 MPa and high slump flow of 650mm. In the study, workability, compressive strength, autogenous shrinkage, temperature rise, chloride penetration, and carbonation resistance were tested on nine HSC mixtures with and without FA. Test results reveal that using FA in HSC mixtures reduces their viscosity, particularly in the ternary binder mixtures containing 20% FA and 10% SF. Combining 20% FA with 7% SF in the HSC reduces the maximum temperature measured by the semi-adiabatic temperature rise test. The maximum temperature is equivalent to the HSC mixture with 20% FA or mixture with 30% GGBS and 7% SF in combination. Ternary binder concrete mixtures comprising 20% FA and SF show slightly lower 28-day compressive strength than the SF-only mixtures, but their 91-day compressive strength values are equivalent to those of the SF-only mixtures. Due to the improved microstructures, all HSC mixtures perform well in carbonation and rapid chloride permeability, particularly the ternary binders. In the ternary binder HSC mixtures, although 30% GGBS performs better than 20% FA in terms of compressive strength, utilizing FA in HSC improves concrete performances in terms of viscosity, autogenous shrinkage, heat generation, and rapid chloride permeability as well as cost-effectiveness.
References
Shannag, M.J. High strength concrete containing natural pozzolan and silica fume. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2000;22(6):399-406.
ACI Committee 363. High-Strength Concrete (ACI 363R). ACI Symposium Publication. 2005.
Skalny, J., Roberts, L.R. High-Strength Concrete. Annual Review of Materials Science. 1987;7(1):35-56.
Vejmelková, E, Koňáková, D, Čáchová, M, Záleská, M, Svora, P, Keppert, M, Rovnanikova, P, Černý, R. High-strength concrete based on ternary binder with high pozzolan content. Structural Concrete. 2018;19(5): 1258-67.
Scrivener, KL, Kirkpatrick, RJ. Innovation in use and research on cementitious material. Cement and Concrete Research. 2008;38(2):128-36.
Park, JH, Edraki, M, Mulligan, D, Jang, HS. The application of coal combustion by-products in mine site rehabilitation. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2014;84:761-72.
Hasanbeigi, A, Price, L, Lin, E. Emerging energy-efficiency and CO2 emission-reduction technologies for cement and concrete production: A technical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2012;16(8):6220-38.
Bijen, J. Benefits of slag and fly ash. Construction and Building Materials. 1996;10(5):309-14.
Naik, TR. Sustainability of Concrete Construction. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction. 2008;13(2):98-103.
Caldarone, MA. High-Strength Concrete: A Practical Guide (1st ed.). London, 2014. 272.
Holland Terence, C. Silica Fume User’s Manual. 2005. Lovettsville.
Wu, M, Li, C, Yao, W. Gel/space ratio evolution in ternary composite system consisting of Portland cement, silica fume, and fly Ash. 2017. Materials. 10(1).
Bhanja, S, Sengupta, B. Optimum Silica fume content and its mode of action on concrete. ACI Materials Journal. 2003. 100(5).
Mala, K, Mullick, AK, Jain, KK, Singh, PK. Effect of relative levels of mineral admixtures on strength of concrete with ternary cement blend. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 2013;7(3):239-49.
Johari, MAM., Brooks, JJ, Kabir, S, Rivard, P. Influence of supplementary cementitious materials on engineering properties of high strength concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2011;25(5):2639-48.
Regourd, M, Thomassin, JH, Baillif, P, Touray, J.C. Blast-furnace slag hydration. Surface analysis,” Cement and Concrete Research. 1983;13(4):549-56.
Yalçınkaya, Ç, Çopuroğlu, O. Hydration heat, strength and microstructure characteristics of UHPC containing blast furnace slag. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021;34:101915.
Kovács, R. Effect of the hydration products on the properties of fly-ash cements. Cement and Concrete Research. 1975;5(1):73-82.
Fajun, W, Grutzeck, MW, Roy, DM. The retarding effects of fly ash upon the hydration of cement pastes: The first 24 hours. Cement and Concrete Research. 1985;15(1): 174-84.
ACI committee 211, “Guide for selecting proportions for High-strength concrete using Portland cement and other cementitious materials,” ACI 211.4R-08, 2008.
Antiohos, S, Tsimas, S. Activation of fly ash cementitious systems in the presence of quicklime: Part I. Compressive strength and pozzolanic reaction rate. Cement and Concrete Research. 2004;34(5):769-79.
Yoo, DY, Min, KH, Lee, JH, Yoon, YS. Autogenous shrinkage of concrete with design strength 60–120 N/mm2. Magazine of Concrete Research. 2011;63(10):751-61.
Nath, P, Sarker, PK, Biswas, WK. Effect of fly ash on the service life, carbon footprint and embodied energy of high strength concrete in the marine environment. Energy and Buildings. 2018;158:1694-702.
Lee, KM, Lee, HK, Lee, SH, Kim, GY. Autogenous shrinkage of concrete containing granulated blast-furnace slag. Cement and Concrete Research. 2006;36(7):1279-85.
Erdem, TK, Kırca, Ö. Use of binary and ternary blends in high strength concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 22(7):1477-83.
Anwar, M, Emarah, DA. Resistance of concrete containing ternary cementitious blends to chloride attack and carbonation. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2020;9(3):3198-207.
ASTM C150/C150M-20. Standard Specification for Portland Cement. ASTM International. West Conshohocken. PA. 2020.
ASTM C494/C494M-19. Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete. ASTM International. West Conshohocken. PA. 2019.
ASTM C33 / C33M-08. Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates. ASTM International. West Conshohocken. PA. 2008.
Wong, HHC, Kwan, AKH. Packing density of cementitious materials: part 1—measurement using a wet packing method. Materials and Structures. 2008;41(4):689-701.
Qiu, J, Guo, Z, Yang, L, Jiang, H, Zhao, Y. Effects of packing density and water film thickness on the fluidity behaviour of cemented paste backfill. Powder Technology. 2020;359:27-35.
ASTM C1611 / C1611M-18. Standard Test Method for Slump Flow of Self-Consolidating Concrete. ASTM International. West Conshohocken. PA. 2018.
EN 12350-9. Testing fresh concrete—Part 9: Self-compacing concrete—V-funnel test. 2010.
ASTM C39/C39M - 20. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. ASTM International. West Conshohocken. PA.
ASTM C157 / C157M-17. Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete. ASTM International. West Conshohocken. PA, 2017.
RILEM TC 56-MHM. CPC-18 Measurement of hardened concrete carbonation depth. RILEM Publications SARL. 1988;21(126):453-5.
ASTM C1202-19. Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration. ASTM International. West Conshohocken. PA. 2019.
Mehdipour, I, Khayat, KH. Effect of supplementary cementitious material content and binder dispersion on packing density and compressive strength of sustainable cement paste. ACI Materials Journal. 2016;113(3):51688704.
Mehdipour, I, Khayat, KH. Effect of particle-size distribution and specific surface area of different binder systems on packing density and flow characteristics of cement paste. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2017;78:120-31.
Bagheri, AR, Zanganeh, H, Moalemi, MM. Mechanical and durability properties of ternary concretes containing silica fume and low reactivity blast furnace slag. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2012;34(5):663-70.
Chen, B, Liu, J. Experimental application of mineral admixtures in lightweight concrete with high strength and workability. Construction and Building Materials. 2008;22(6):1108-13.
Yu, R, Spiesz, P, Brouwers, HJH. Development of an eco-friendly ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) with efficient cement and mineral admixtures uses. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2015;55:383-94.
EFNARC. Specification and Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete. The European Federation of Specialist Construction Chemicals and Concrete Systems. 2005.
Elrahman, MA, Hillemeier, B. Combined effect of fine fly ash and packing density on the properties of high performance concrete: An experimental approach. Construction and Building Materials. 2014;58:225-33.
Chen, JJ, Ng, PL, Chu, SH, Guan, GX, Kwan, AKH. Ternary blending with metakaolin and silica fume to improve packing density and performance of binder paste. Construction and Building Materials. 2020;252: 119031.
Khunthongkeaw, J, Tangtermsirikul, S. Vibration consistency prediction model for roller-compacted concrete (RCC). ACI Materials Journal. 2003;100(1):12457.
Zou, RP, Yu, AB. Evaluation of the packing characteristics of mono-sized non-spherical particles. Powder Technology. 1996; 88(1):71-9.
Rahhal, V, Bonavetti, V, Trusilewicz, L, Pedrajas, C, Talero, R. Role of the filler on Portland cement hydration at early ages. Construction and Building Materials. 2012:27(1):82-90.
Kadri, EH, Aggoun, S, De Schutter, G, Ezziane, K. Combined effect of chemical nature and fineness of mineral powders on Portland cement hydration. Materials and Structures. 2010;43(5):665-73.
Wu, X, Jiang, W, Roy, DM. Early activation and properties of slag cement. Cement and Concrete Research. 1990;20(6):961-74.
Zhang, MH, Tam, CT, Leow, MP. Effect of water-to-cementitious materials ratio and silica fume on the autogenous shrinkage of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 2003;33(10):1687-94.
Jiang, C, Yang, Y, Wang, Y, Zhou, Y, Ma, C. Autogenous shrinkage of high performance concrete containing mineral admixtures under different curing temperatures. Construction and Building Materials. 2014;61:260-9.
Zhao, Y, Gong, J, Zhao, S. Experimental study on shrinkage of HPC containing fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Construction and Building Materials. 2017;155:145-53.
Lee, JH, Yoon, YS. The effects of cementitious materials on the mechanical and durability performance of high-strength concrete. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. 2015;19(5):1396-404.
Oey, T, Kumar, A., Bullard, JW, Neithalath, N., Sant, G. The filler effect: The influence of filler content and surface area on cementitious reaction rates. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 2013;96(6):1978-90
Qiang, W, Mengxiao, S, Dengquan, W. Contributions of fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag to the early hydration heat of composite binder at different curing temperatures. Advances in Cement Research. 2016;28(5):320-7.
Tangtermsirikul, S, Choktaweekarn, P. A model for predicting the coefficient of thermal expansion of cementitious paste. 2009;35:57.
Aligizaki, KK, “Pore Structure of Cement-Based Materials: Testing, Interpretation and Requirements (1st ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482271959.
Anwar, M, Emarah, DA. Pore structure of concrete containing ternary cementitious blends. Results in Materials. 2019;1: 100019.
Sumranwanich, T, Tangtermsirikul, S. A model for predicting time-dependent chloride binding capacity of cement-fly ash cementitious system. Materials and Structures. 2004:37(6):387.
Wanna, S, Saengsoy, W, Toochinda, P, Tangtermsirikul, S. Effects of sand powder on sulfuric acid resistance, compressive strength, cost benefits, and CO2 reduction of high CaO fly ash concrete. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2020. p. 3284975.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Science & Technology Asia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
