Fixation of Heavy Metals in Activated Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment System by Chicken Egg Shell for Rice Cultivation
Keywords:
Heavy metals, Chicken egg shell, SludgeAbstract
This research aims to utilize sludge from activated sludge municipal wastewater treatment system for rice cultivation without contamination of heavy metals. The twenty experimental treatments with 60 pots were designed by Randomized Complete Block Design. Three influenced factors were investigated, including ratio by wt. of soil to sludge (1:1, 2:1 and 1:2), ratio by wt. of sludge to chicken egg shell (CES) (10:1) and the amount of chemical fertilizer (CF) from 75% to 12.5% and control treatment (without using CF). The results revealed that the treatment which using soil to sludge and sludge to CES ratio at 1:2 and 10:1 respectively and 50% amount of CF gave the highest rice productivity. Moreover, in this treatment the heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Ni) in leachate from watering and in grain accumulation were analyzed. The results revealed that a trace level of heavy metals in leachate and grain were achieved and not over the standard. Therefore, utilization of CES, gave the potential on fixation heavy metals in sludge and unavailable to the leachate and productivity. In addition, utilization of sludge from AS treatment system could be reduced the use of CF and cost.
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