Srinakharinwirot University Journal of Sciences and Technology

editorial board

Srinakharinwirot University Journal of Sciences and Technology — Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF PHYSIOTHERAPY ON INCREMENTAL SHUTTLE WALK DISTANCE IN LOBECTOMY PATIENTS WITH VATS AND THORACOTOMY

Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

The evidence studies of the effect of physiotherapy on incremental shuttle walk distance in lobectomy patients are limited. The purposes of this study were to examine the effect of physiotherapy on the change in shuttle walk distance after lobectomy and to compare shuttle walk distance between lobectomy with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and lobectomy with Thoracotomy groups. This retrospective study included patients who underwent lobectomy via VATS or Thoracotomy and received physical therapy treatment including breathing training, cough training, and exercise, between April 2015 and December 2020 at the Central Chest Institute of Thailand. The incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) was investigated at preoperative, postoperative discharge day, and at 2 weeks follow-up. The data of shuttle walk distances between VATS and Thoracotomy groups in each time period were analyzed using Two-way Mixed ANOVA. The results showed that there were 190 eligible patients who underwent lobectomy via VATS (n=125) or Thoracotomy (n=65) and received physical therapy treatment. The shuttle walk distances were significantly decreased at discharge day when compared to preoperative values (p<0.001) and were returned to the preoperative level at 2 weeks follow-up. When comparing between VATS and Thoracotomy groups on discharge day, the shuttle walk distance in VATS was decreased less than in Thoracotomy groups, and both groups recovered within 2 weeks of follow-up. The conclusion was that patients undergoing lobectomy via VATS or Thoracotomy and receiving physical therapy treatment had a significant postoperative reduction of shuttle walk distance, however, they recovered to the preoperative levels within 2 weeks of follow-up.

FLOOD RISK ESTIMATION GIS-BASED SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE

Kanmanee Sroysonthawornkul, Kiatkulchai Jitt-Aer — Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Support Vector Machine (SVM) is statistical technique widely used in natural hazard management assessment. The main objective to assess flood risk with spatial area factors. Which indicates the predictive ability of each factor used analysis on Geographic Information system (GIS)- Based Support Vector Machine in Mueang Ubon Ratchathani District and Warin Chamrap District. A flood susceptibility map was produced by mapping the flood locations. Which was divided into training and testing datasets using random selection. The spatial database was constructed using physical factors cause flooding of the study area. To compare forecasting performance of support vector machine. Flood Susceptibility Index (FSI) introduced to compare flood risk area and validate of model. Additionally, the area under the curve (AUC) was used to validate the resulting flood risk map. The validate results demonstrated that the prediction rate curves for flood risk maps generated by the SVM was 0.8209 while success rate was 0.8945. The result demonstrated that all physical factors cause flooding of the study area have reasonably positive ability to analyze. Whereas river distance was a highest positive performance factor. The next were altitude, drainage density, flow accumulate and slope, respectively. It can be concluded that SVM technique is an effective tool for identify and trend of flood. Which risk communication from study area to government sector or private sector comes into role in prevention and flood relieve.

HEALTH STATUS AND HEALTH SERVICE NEEDS OF PEOPLE IN THE SUPERVISION OF PANYANANTHAPHIKKHU MEDICAL CENTER, CHONPRATHAN, SRINAKHARINWIROT UNIVERSITY

Vilaval Termklinchan, Pankarin Hoyrat, Padungsin Pengchaum — Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Both structural and behavioral of the global population dynamics are different proportions. The aging population is increasing and the number of working age is declining that affecting the health service needs which may change. The purpose was to survey research about the health status and health service needs of 1,537 people in the area of responsibility of Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center. They randomly selected by multistage random sampling from 7 primary care units. Data were collected using a 3-month questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis included frequency and percentage. The results showed that the number of elderly in the sample, Pakkret District and Nonthaburi Province were 34.1%, 47%, and 45% respectively. Most of the average monthly income was less than 10,000 baht (51.1%). They were general workers, did not have a total occupation (45.3%), had an income of more than 25,000 baht (10.6%) had the burden of raising the welfare of the elderly and other social welfare such as the elderly allowance, Universal Health Coverage Rights affected the health of the working-age population. There was a proportion of physical inactivity (23.1%) and a healthy diet regularly in the categories of fish/lean meat/nuts (72.9%) and fruits and vegetables (80.5%). Non-communicable disease was the most common (92.3%). Hypertension was the most common disease (65.8%) People did not receive annual health check-ups (31.3%). Cervical cancer screening and breast self-examination were not performed 51% and 48% respectively and never had a dental examination (42.4%). Universal coverage health insurance privileges (57.2%) when they were sick, they went to a health facility (88.8%) and chose a public health facility (82.3%) because it was convenient to access (74.4%), but still had problems using health services (16.4%) due to a delayed service system (56.6%) and insufficient health care personnel (31.1%). In the group that did not use a health facility, they chose to buy their medicine over the counter (57.1%). People in Pakkret District have already entered the super-aged society. People (10.6%) had the burden of raising various social welfare benefits. Convenient transportation was an important factor in the health service needs. People had a high demand for public health care services resulting in delayed service systems and an insufficient number of personnel.

IMPACT OF PIGEON PEA FLOUR, ISOMALTULOSE AND INULIN AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR WHEAT FLOUR, SUGAR AND FAT IN TOFFEE CAKE PRODUCTS

Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is a legume that is high in protein, low in fat, and contains higher amounts of several amino acids as compared to soybeans. In order to utilize pigeon pea in a healthy diet, the purpose of this research was to apply high-protein flour from pigeon pea to a healthy toffee cake product by substituting wheat flour. Moreover, the healthy ingredients for sugar and fat substitutes were added by using isomaltulose and inulin. The response surface method (RSM) experiment was planned, and the Box-Behnken experiment was designed in order to select the appropriate recipes for further analysis. Sensory evaluation of all toffee cake recipes showed that the toffee cake recipe with 4.0% (w/w) pigeon pea flour, 5.2% (w/w) isomaltulose, and 0.2% (w/w) inulin was highly accepted by the panelists (100% consumer acceptance). In addition, the appropriate toffee cake recipe, which was determined by the sensory and textural liking score, found that the suitable components of the toffee cake formula were 6.0% (w/w) pigeon pea flour, 5.2% (w/w) isomaltulose, and 0.5% (w/w) inulin. For toffee cake appearance and microstructure, which were determined by SEM, an increase in pigeon pea flour tends to change air pocket distribution and size of the toffee cake texture. The texture characteristics of the healthy toffee cake recipes showed that the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness were increased as compared to the control. The appropriate toffee cake recipe, which was determined by the sensory textural liking score (6.0% (w/w) pigeon pea flour, 5.2% (w/w) isomaltulose, and 0.5% (w/w) inulin), was chosen for nutritional analysis. The results showed that it contained 8.52 grams of protein per 100 grams. It also contains 34% less sugar than the control recipe (the healthy toffee cake formula has a total sugar content of 12.63 grams per 100 g). Hence, the healthy toffee cake formula containing pigeon pea flour obtained from this research can be further developed for commercial distribution.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ETHYLENE GAS ABSORPTION EFFICIENCY OF COMPOSITE PAPER FROM CORN HUSK FIBERS WITH RECYCLED POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE

Thaweephum Dangrattanawong, Nantiya wiprachot, Wanthana Silpawilawan — Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

The objectives of this study were to study the properties of composite sheets made from corn husk fibers combined with r-PET fibers and the efficiency of ethylene absorption of composite sheets mixed with activated carbon powder. Firstly, the raw fibers were treated with 0.1, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25% (W/V) sodium hydroxide solution. It was found that the concentration of 0.25% (W/V) was most suitable for fiber treatment. The composite sheets were formed by using the mulberry paper making techniques, standard size 110 g/m² according to the kraft paper product of Thai industrial standard (TIS. 170-2550), which various ratio of corn husk fibers and r-PET fibers of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40. The ratio of 90:10 sample exhibited great physical and mechanical properties, average percentage humidity 3.64%, average water absorption time was 13.51 seconds, average bursting strength 110.03 kPa and tensile strength 2.02 kN/m. Then activated carbon powder were added in the best composite sheet (90:10) at 0%, 5% and 10%. The results shown that the composite sheets containing 10% activated carbon powder could be the best absorber and better than pure activated carbon powder because of Kaew Khamin mangoes had the lowest percentage of weight loss at 22.57% and 20.07%, respectively.

PREDICTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION FROM ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THAILAND WITH SARIMA-ANN-REG MODEL

Suteemon Karseewong, Kanlaya Boonlha — Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to forecast monthly CO₂ emissions in Thailand using data from the Ministry of Energy using the model SARIMA-ANN-REG. Using linear regression model combined both SARIMA and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approaches. Monthly CO₂ emission data from January 2015 to December 2022 (96 months) as the training dataset, while data from January to July 2023 (7 months) was used for forecasting. The model selection was based on minimizing the root mean square error (RMSE). The result found that the SARIMA-ANN-REG model with SARIMA(1,0,2)(1,1,1)₁₂ and the 8 hidden nodes in the ANN component, achieving an RMSE of 0.4992 on the training set. Applied to the forecasting period, the model yielded an RMSE of 1.2106 with the forecast model is

where , , are the forecast value, forecast value using SARIMA mode and forecast value with ANN model at time, respectively.

EFFECT OF BINDER TYPE AND HEATING TIME TO QUALITY OF CONTAINER FROM UNGRADED MUSA BALBISIANA COLLA LEAVES

Voraluck Suriwong, Surintraporn Swaeng-Ngam, Patcharaporn Inrirai — Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the binder and heating time on the production of containers made from ungraded banana leaves. Before applying it to dried banana leaves, prepare a binder by combining wheat flour with three varieties of starch: tapioca starch, corn starch, and modified tapioca starch in a 3:1 ratio. It was formed at a temperature of 165ºC with three different heating times: 2 minutes, 2.5 minutes, and 3 minutes to form containers from banana leaves in the shape of round bowl with a diameter of 14 cm and a depth of 4 cm. The results of the investigation into the color properties of banana leaf containers following the molding procedure revealed that the molded containers showed hues of green-yellow. The variation in hue depends on the unprocessed materials prior to the molding process. Additionally, the binder and heating duration did not have any impact on the thickness and density measurements of containers made from banana leaves. There was not significantly difference (p<0.05) seen in the data across all testing conditions. Further, this condition has an impact on the mechanical properties and water absorption of the formed container. The containers produced with the C1 binder at a heating time of 2 minutes showed a substantially higher percentage of shape deformation upon applying force (p>0.05) compared to the containers made with the C2 and C3 binder formulations. Moreover, the extension of the heating time to 3 minutes resulted in a significant decrease in the elasticity of the container, becoming it less resistant to breakage. Consequently, this led to a substantial increase in the percentage of water absorption (p<0.05). In this case, the utilization of containers made from binder formulae C2 and C3, accompanied by a heating time of 2 minutes, seems to be suitable for the molding process. This material shows good tensile strength properties and demonstrates low tensile strain at maximum tensile stress. The molded container that is obtained may be utilized for packaging purposes and enhances the quality of products produced from low-grade Tanee banana leaves.

STUDY OF AMYLOSE CONTENT THAT AFFECT GEL CONSISTENCY (GC) AND THE TEXTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS RICE VARIETIES IN CULTIVATION AREAS, NAKHON SAWAN PROVINCE

Sirikanjana Sirinon, Natthapong Pechampai — Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Study of amylose content that affects the viscosity of the starch gel and texture characteristics of various rice varieties in the growing areas of Nakhon Sawan Province. The research aimed to compare the amylose content, influencing the viscosity of starch gel and the texture of rice across various varieties. Using spectroscopy and the gel consistency (GC) method, the study analyzed 26 rice samples representing different varieties. The focus was on comparing the amylose content that affects rice starch gel viscosity. During the dry-season cultivation RD31 stood out with the highest amylose content (18.98 percentage) and a medium gel consistency of 42.17 millimeters, indicating a rice variety with moderate hardness. The wet-season cultivation Niaw Wan and Niaw Dang, both with low amylose content (8.95 and 8.94 percentage, respectively), demonstrated soft rice textures with gel consistencies of 74.30 and 75.47 millimeters, respectively, which is rice that has a low level of hardness or softness. This shows that in the wet-season cultivation, Niaw Wan and Niaw Dang have higher starch gel viscosity values than the dry-season cultivation RD31, which is significantly different (p<0.05). This research contributes to understanding the quality characteristics of rice, particularly in terms of rice texture, which can have culinary applications.

DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN CITRUS RETICULATA USING GC-MS/MS WITH ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACTION

Sirirat Phaisansuthichol, Sureewan Saengsrichan, Nongpanga Olsen — Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

A simple, fast, inexpensive, and sensitive method, namely ethyl acetate extraction was developed for analysis of pesticide residues in Citrus Reticulata. The optimum conditions for extraction of pesticide residues were orange sample (g): sodium hydrogen carbonate (g): sodium sulphate (g): ethyl acetate (ml) in the ratio of 10:3: 10:20. Eleven types of pesticide residues in Citrus Reticulata were analyzed by using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The linear calibration curve was in the range of 0.005 - 1.000 mg/kg^-1 with a correlation coefficient (R²) higher than 0.9950. The percentage recovery and relative standard deviations (%RSD) were in the range of 68.38 – 108.16 and 2.51 – 19.19, respectively. The limit of detection of the method was 0.50 µg/kg^-1 and limit of quantification was 1.70 µg/kg^-1. From the analysis of 50 citrus samples, it was found that there were pesticide residues in 43 samples, and the amount exceeded the Agricultural Product Certification Standards in 5 samples. The ethyl acetate extraction followed by GC-MS/MS determination were suitable method for the analysis of pesticide residues in Citrus Reticulata samples.

A STUDY OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN FIBERS OF PATTAWIA, NANGLAE, AND PHULAE PINEAPPLE GROWN IN CHIANGRAI PROVINCE

Taworn Intaro, Subin Jaita, Paphawadee Netsuwan — Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to study the physical and chemical properties of fibers from pineapple leaves of Pattawia, NangLae, and PhuLae which growing in Chiang Rai province. The fibers were produced using a mechanical method. Then, the obtained fibers were tested and analyzed for physical properties such as surface, fineness, tensile strength, tenacity, and elongation, as well as chemical properties such as their elements and major chemical composition. The research found that Pattawia and NangLae pineapple fibers had a mean diameter of 77.64±24.89 and 80.82±34.79 micrometers, respectively, while PhuLae fibers had approximately of 67.32±22.96 micrometers. Regarding fineness of Pattawia, NangLae, and PhuLae fibers, they were 52, 54, and 48 deniers, respectively. Their tensile strengths were 317.38±102.91, 308.75±62.02, and 244.65±139.68 megapascals, respectively. The tenacities were 4.42±0.52, 2.99±0.39, and 4.58±1.02 grams/denier, respectively, and the elongations were 4.79±0.85, 4.76±0.45, and 7.38±1.77%, respectively. In terms of chemical properties, all three types of fibers primarily consisted of carbon and oxygen, which related to the result of the major chemical composition that is Pattawia and NangLae fibers had cellulose 47.62% and 42.86%, respectively, while PhuLae fibers had 35.10%. When analyzing the hemi-cellulose content, PhuLae fibers had the highest quantity at 36.73%, while Pattawia and NangLae had closely at 23.81% and 22.86%, respectively. Regarding lignin content, all three types had similar quantities, as follows, Pattawia is at 20.00%, NangLae is at 17.14%, and PhuLae is at 19.35%. In concluding, all three types of fibers possess physical and chemical properties suitable for textile use, particularly PhuLae fibers, which have fine fineness, tenacity and elongation. They fit to make a textile product and cause to feel comfortable and lightweight.

CARBON STOCKS IN MANGROVE FORESTS AT MANGROVE FORESTS LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER 2, NAKHON SI THAMMARAT

Rinlanee Srimoh, Wattananarong Markphan — Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

The amount of carbon stored in mangrove forest plants studied at the 2^nd Mangrove Forest Resource Development and Learning Center in Nakhon Si Thammarat. A total of 6 sampling plots of 20 x 50 m, Only the first sample obtained with this technique, then subsequent samples evenly spaced apart. Plant identification, counting, the process is recording the DBH (diameter at breast height), the height as well as for plant species list and plant family list of trees (DBH >4.5 cm and height >1.30 m). then calculated the biomass by using the allometric equation. According to the study's findings, there are 6 species and 5 families of trees in the mangrove plant community. Avicennia marina (Forsk) is the dominant tree with the highest value of importance index, followed by Rhizophora apiculata Blume, Lumnitzera racemosa Willd, with importance index values of 77.67, 76.36 and 62.04 percent, respectively. The large trees are typically 8.22±1.93 m in height and have an average diameter of 14.68±4.28 cm, A total of 18 rai of the mangrove forests around the Center for Learning and Development of Mangrove Forest Resources 2nd have an accumulation of biomass that is equal to 10,104.12 kg per rai, with an overall carbon accumulation of 85.48 tons, or 4.75 tons per rai.

VALORIZATION OF RESIDUES WASTE FROM PINEAPPLE FOR CRUDE BROMELAIN ENZYME POWDER PRODUCTION

Jarupat Kanjanarong, Kitiya Suhem, Vijitra Plongbunjong — Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

The objective of this research was to investigate the extraction of crude bromelain enzyme from pineapple residues waste (Ananas comosus), including the bromelain enzyme powder production. The results showed that the residues waste had the potential for crude bromelain enzyme production. However, the stem exhibited the highest activity and specific enzyme activity, with values of 182.5 ± 1.0 Units/ml and 16.9 ± 0.5 Units/mg, respectively, which were significantly (p≤0.05) higher than those of the peel, core, and crown. In addition, the thermal stability of the bromelain enzyme (25-65°C) was studied. It was found that the crude bromelain enzyme had thermal stability at 35°C, but its stability decreased at temperatures above 45°C, with no specific enzyme activity observed at 65°C. Furthermore, the crude bromelain extracted from the stem, which exhibited the highest specific enzyme activity, was processed into powder using freeze-drying technology. The results indicating that the storage of bromelain enzyme powder at 4°C gave higher specific enzyme activity than storage at 35°C for a period of 28 days. Therefore, residual waste materials from pineapples have the potential to be utilized in enzyme production and can be further developed into high-value substances or products.

WATER RESOURCES QUALITY ASSESSMENT USING BENTHIC MACROFAUNA BY COMMUNITY PARTICIPATORY: A CASE STUDY OF SAKLEEWITTHAYA SCHOOL, SENA DISTRICT, AYUTTHAYA PROVINCE

Natthakitt To-orn — Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

The study of benthic macrofauna in the Sakleewitthaya School, Sam Tum Subdistrict, Sena District, Ayutthaya Province, with community participation, aims to adapt the BMWP^thai score (Biological Monitoring Working Party) and ASTP^thai (Average score Per Taxa) biological indices to assess water quality. Samples of benthic fauna were collected from four stations in August 2022. The study revealed 17 species belonging to 16 families of benthic fauna from six major groups, including roundworms (nematodes), aquatic oligochaetes, gastropods, bivalves, crustaceans, and aquatic insects. Aquatic insects were the most diverse species, followed by gastropods and crustaceans, respectively. The red-rimmed melania, Melanoides tuberculate (family Thaiaridae), the Asian glass shrimp, Macrobrachium lanchesteri (family Palaemonidae), and river snails, Filopaludina martensi (family Viviparidae), were abundant. The BMWP^thai score and ASTP^thai revealed that the overall water quality was categorized as "satisfactory" or "moderate" in surface water quality standards class 3, with ASTP^Tthai scores ranging from 4.30 to 5.88. This research was conducted collaboratively with the community, aiming to enable the community to use the benthic fauna-based water quality monitoring method to track changes in water quality within their community effectively. It a guideline for efficient and sustainable cooperation in improving water quality at local water sources.

UNDERSTANDING OF PHYSICAL THERAPISTS AND PREPAREDNESS OF PHYSICAL THERAPY TELEREHABILITATION IN BANGKOK AND VICINITY: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Thitimard Winairuk, Yupaporn Rattanavichit, Rumpa Boonsinsukh, Kasima Kitiyanant — Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Nowadays technologies have been adopted to improve patient access to rehabilitation services in the form of PT telerehabilitation to reduce the spread of COVID-19. The services require physical therapists’ understanding and hospital preparedness. However, currently, there is no survey on such information from hospitals in Bangkok and outskirts of Bangkok, the areas with high population density and technology accessibility. This research aimed to study the level of physical therapists’ understanding and preparedness for PT telerehabilitation services of hospitals in Bangkok and outskirts of Bangkok for patients with musculoskeletal problems. The study was conducted based on exploratory research design using a questionnaire on Google Form. Respondents were physical therapists who specialize in musculoskeletal system of hospitals in Bangkok and outskirts of Bangkok. The findings from the study showed that among 163 physical therapists who responded to the questionnaire, 100 persons came from private hospitals and 63 persons came from government hospitals. It was found that the physical therapists had overall understanding about PT telerehabilitation services at a high level except the understanding in the types of PT telerehabilitation which was in moderate level. They understood laws and elements for services the most. They had overall preparedness at a moderate level. In conclusion, to support PT telerehabilitation to gain more efficiency, physical therapists should be developed to have knowledge and understanding about types of PT telerehabilitation services so that they will be able to select appropriate service types that meet each patient. Besides, technology system for services should be developed as well as communication, places where services are provided to achieve more efficiency in caring for patients.

FORECASTING DIRECTION AND ANALYZING DENGUE FEVER RISK AREA BY USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION AND DATA MINING IN BANG MAE NANG SUB-DISTRICT, BANG YAI DISTRICT, NONTHABURI PROVINCE

Sakaowrat Suwitchayasiri, Nutthaporn Hencharoenlert, Ratana Boonprasert — Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Dengue fever remains the major problem with ongoing outbreaks. Each year, outbreak trends are forecasted and forecasted in advance of and during the outbreak. All at the national level, health zone level, provincial level, and district level to prepare and prevent the outbreaks. The researcher is therefore interested in studying the prediction of outbreak trends and analyzing dengue fever risk areas during the outbreak in the area. The purposes of this research are to analyze the factors related to the forecasting direction of the outbreaks and analyze dengue risk areas, predict the direction of the outbreaks and analyze dengue risk areas, and compare the efficiency and accuracy of the forecasting algorithm in Bang Mae Nang Subdistrict, Bang Yai District, Nonthaburi Province. The data in this study are 235 dengue patients then analyze and join spatial data with attribute data, factors selected were 9 factors consisting of (1) Land used (2) Land parcel (3) Household density (4) age (5) Gender (6) Precise (7) Humidity (8) Temperature and (9) Heat index, then to create the models to forecast use 3 algorithms of data mining technique are (1) Decision Tree: CART(Classification and Regression Tree) (2) Decision Tree: ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser3) and (3) Random Forest. The results show that the top 3 factors for forecasting are the Land used, Land parcel, and Household density. The result of the prediction of the outbreak direction finds that the model can used to predict and analyze risk areas. The model created using the Decision Tree algorithm is the best model and has an accuracy of 98%. The average overall efficiency is 98%.