An All-Digital PLL Proposal using Gain Control Technique
Main Article Content
Abstract
Time-to-digital converter (TDC) has been the main technique used in all-digital phase-locked loops (ADPLL). However, this approach has several design issues, and the solutions to resolve them always increase the complexity of the system. In this paper, an alternative method for handle the frequency error detection using a type II ADPLL architecture is presented. The proposed technique does not perform direct conversion from time to digital, but employs the discrete-time processing of compared signals from phase error detection. This architecture has the advantage of scalability and integration of all-digital techniques and has less complexity than conventional ADPLLs. The derivation of equations for the proposed architecture and its noise analysis is provided. The results are validated through system level simulations using macro-models of the devices. The result of the transient simulation shows the theoretical predictions about the trajectory of output frequency.
Article Details
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
- Creative Commons Copyright License
The journal allows readers to download and share all published articles as long as they properly cite such articles; however, they cannot change them or use them commercially. This is classified as CC BY-NC-ND for the creative commons license.
- Retention of Copyright and Publishing Rights
The journal allows the authors of the published articles to hold copyrights and publishing rights without restrictions.
References
[2] E. Temporiti, C. Weltin-Wu, D. Baldi, R. Tonietto, and F. Svelto, "A 3 GHz Fractional All-Digital PLL with a 1.8 MHz Bandwidth Implementing Spur Reduction Techniques,"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 824-834, 2009.
[3] S. Pamarti, "Digital Techniques for Integrated Frequency Synthesizers: A Tutorial," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 47, 2009.
[4] T. Rapinoja, L. Xu, K. Stadius, and J. Ryynänen, "Implementation of All-Digital Wideband RF Frequency Synthesizers in 65 nm CMOS technology," Proceeding of ISCAS, pp. 1948-1951, 2011.
[5] C. Jiang, J. Liu, Y. Huang, and Z. Hong, "A Low-noise, 8.95âAS11GHz All-Digital Frequency Synthesizer with a Metastability-Free Time-to-Digital Converter and a Sleepy Counter in 65nm CMOS," Proceeding of ESSCIRC, pp. 365-368, 2012
[6] A. W. L. Ng, S. Zheng, and H. C. Luong, "A 4.1GHz-6.5GHz All-Digital Frequency Synthesizer with a 2nd-Order Noise-Shaping TDC and a Transformer-Coupled QVCO," Proceeding of ESSCIRC, pp. 189-192, 2012.
[7] M. Perrott, "Tutorial on Digital Phase-Locked Loops," CICC 2009, Sao Jose, 2009.
[8] R. B. Staszewski, D. Leipold, and P. T. Balsara, "Direct Frequency Modulation of an ADPLL for Bluetooth/GSM With Injection Pulling Elimination, " IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 339-343, 2005.
[9] M. Z. Straayer, and M. H. Perrott, "A Multi-Path Gated Ring Oscillator TDC with First-Order Noise Shaping," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 44, No. 4, 2009, pp. 1089-1098.
[10] A. Y. Valero-Lopez, Design of frequency synthesizers for short range wireless transceivers, Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States, pp. 21-112, 2004.
[11] V. J. S. Oliveira, and N. Oki, "Frequency Synthesizer using a Hybrid Analog/Digital Loop Filter: A low Complexity Approach," AEU - International J. Electronics and Communications, Vol. 65, No. 10, pp. 888-891, 2011.
[12] S.-H. Chen, and M.-B. Lin, "A synthesizable architecture of all-digital cyclic TDCs," IEICE Electronics Express, , Vol. 11, No. 20, pp. 1-12, 2014.
[13] B. Razavi, "A study of injection locking and pulling in oscillators," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 39, No. 9, pp. 1415-1424, 2004.
[14] R. B. Staszewski, and P. T. Balsara, All-digital frequency synthesizer in deep-submicron CMOS, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New Jersey, 2006, ch. 4.
[15] S. E. Meninger, and M. H. Perrott, "Bandwidth Extension of Low Noise Fractional-N Synthesizers, " Proceeding of Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, pp. 211-214, 2005.
[16] B. Zhang, P. E. Allen, and J. M. Huard, "A Fast Switching PLL Frequency Synthesizer With an On-Chip Passive Discrete-Time Loop Filter in 0.25-μm CMOS," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 855-865, 2003.