2-D Interference Channel Segmentation for Modified Factor Graph-Based Detection on BPMR System
Main Article Content
Abstract
Increasing the areal density of the bit-patterned media (BPMR) recording system can be achieved by reducing the size of the magnetic grains. However, this increases the problem of inter-track interference, also referred to as two-dimensional (2-D) interference channels, which can degrade the performance of the read channel in magnetic recording systems. To alleviate the effects of the 2-D interference channel on the BPMR system. This work proposes two methods of improved factor graph-based (FGB) detection using a segmentation of the 2-D interference channel coefficients that exploits the relationship between the main bit and its nearest neighbors. Similarly, the scheme of message-passing is a hierarchy based on levels from neighboring bits to the main bit. Simulation results show the bit error rate (BER) performance between the conventional FGB detector and the modified FGB detectors on the BPMR channel at an areal density of 3 Tb/in2 with multi-track processing. The BER performance of both modified FGB detectors outperforms the conventional FGB detector.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
- Creative Commons Copyright License
The journal allows readers to download and share all published articles as long as they properly cite such articles; however, they cannot change them or use them commercially. This is classified as CC BY-NC-ND for the creative commons license.
- Retention of Copyright and Publishing Rights
The journal allows the authors of the published articles to hold copyrights and publishing rights without restrictions.
References
R. L. White, R. M. H. New, and R. F. W. Pease, “Patterned Media: A Viable Route to 50 Gbit/in2 and Up for Magnetic Recording?,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 990-995, Jan. 1997.
G. F. Hughes, “Read Channels for Patterned Media,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 2310-2312, Sep. 1999.
Z. Jin, N. Bertram, B. Wilson, and R. Wood, “Simulation of the Off-Track Capability of a One Terabit per Square Inch Recording System,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 1429-1435, Mar. 2002.
P. W. Nutter, I. T. Ntokas, and B. K. Middleton, “An Investigation of the Effects of Media Characteristics on Read Channel Performance for Patterned Media Storage,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 4327-4334, Nov. 2005.
S. Nabavi, S. Jeon, and B. V. K. Vijaya Kumar, “An Analytical Approach for Performance Evaluation of Bit-Patterned Media Channels,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 135-142, Feb. 2010.
S. Nabavi, B. V. K. Vijaya Kumar, J. A. Bain, C. Hogg, and S. A. Majetich, “Application of Image Processing to Characterize Patterning Noise in Self-Assembled Nano-Masks for Bit- atterned
Media,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 3523-3526, Oct. 2009.
Y. Wang and B. V. K. Vijaya Kumar, “Improved Multitrack Detection With Hybrid 2-D Equalizer and Modified Viterbi Detector,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 53, no. 10, ID. 3000710, Oct. 2017.
T. A. Nguyen and J. Lee, “Parallel Detection Based on a Generalized Partial Response Target for Staggered Bit-Patterned Media Recording Systems,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 62556-62564, Jun. 2022.
B. Fan, P. H. Siegel, and H. K. Thapar, “Generalized Weighted Sum Subtract Joint Detection for a Class of Multihead Multitrack Channels,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 55, no. 2, ID. 3300111, Feb. 2019.
S. Han, G. Kong, and S. Choi, “A Detection Scheme With TMR Estimation Based on Multi-Layer Perceptrons for Bit Patterned Media Recording,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 55, no. 7, ID. 3100704, Jul. 2019.
Y. Wang, B. V. K. Vijaya Kumar, Y. Wen, and P. Li, “Channel Modeling and Multi-Island Recording Scheme on Bit-Patterned Media With Long-Range Island Orientation Fluctuations,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 54, no. 11, ID. 3001407, Nov. 2018.
F. Ghanami and G. A. Hodtani, “Information Theoretical Analysis of a New Write Channel Model for Bit-Patterned Media Recording,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 56, no. 4, ID. 3100109, Apr. 2020.
S. Jeong and J. Lee, “Bit-Flipping Scheme Using KMeans Algorithm for Bit-Patterned Media Recording,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 58, no. 8, ID. 3101704, Aug. 2022.
Y. Qin and J. G. Zhu, “Deep Neural Network: Data Detection Channel for Hard Disk Drives by Learning,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 56, no. 2, ID. 6701108, Feb. 2020.
M. Nishikawa, Y. Nakamura, Y. Kanai, H. Osawa, and Y. Okamoto, “Improvement of Iterative Decoding With LLR Modulator by Neural Network Using Magnetic Transition Information in SMR System,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 57, no. 2, ID. 3100105, Feb. 2021.
A. Aboutaled and N. Nangare, “Reduced Complexity Neural Network Equalizers for Two- Dimensional Magnetic Recording,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 59, no. 3, ID. 3000708, Mar. 2023.
J. Hu, T. M. Duman, M. F. Erden, “Graph- Based Channel Detection for Multitrack Recording Channels,” EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, doi: 10.1155/2008/738281, ID. 738281, pp. 1-9, Nov. 2008.
T. Sopon, P. Supnithi, and K. Vichienchom, “Improved 2-D Graph-Based Detectors for 2-D Interference Channels,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 50, no. 11, ID. 3101704, Nov. 2014.
J. Moon, and W. Zeng, “Equalization for Maximum Likelihood Detectors,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 1083-1088, Mar. 1995.
S. Nabavi, and B. V. K. Vijaya Kumar, “Two- Dimensional Generalized Partial Response Equalizer for Bit-Patterned Media,” in Proceedings of 2007 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2007), Glasgow, Scotland, pp. 6249–6254, 2007.
T. Sopon, P. Supnithi, and K, Vichienchom, “Performance of Log-MAP Algorithm for Graph-Based Detections on The 2-D Interference Channel,” in Proceeding of The 14th Joint International Conference on Information and Communication Technology, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (JICTEE- 2014), Chiang Rai, Thailand, 2014.
J. S. Yedidia, W. T. Freeman, and Y. Weiss, “Constructing Free-Energy Approximations and Generalized Belief Propagation Algorithms,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 2282-2312, Jul. 2005.
J. Hagenauer, “The EXIT Chart-Introduction to Extrinsic Information Transfer in Iterative Processing,” in Proceedings of 2004 12th European Signal Processing Conference, Vienna, Austria, pp. 1541-1548, 2004.
B. Kurkoski, “Towards efficient detection of two-dimensional intersymbol interference channels," IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals, vol. E91, no. 10, pp. 2696-2703, Oct. 2008.