A Numerical Investigation of Gain and Phase Errors of Unit Elements on Performance of Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
A reconfigurable intelligent surface, particularly the active type, is recognized as a promising candidate to expand the coverage of 5G/6G wireless communication and beyond, thanks to its inexpensive implementation as compared to conventional infrastructures. In this paper, the impact of implementation errors on the performance of the surface is investigated by virtue of numerical computation. The analysis equations for calculating the incident field on the surface, and the reflected field as well as the far field pattern from the surface are outlined. Numerical simulation including the gain and phase variations associated with each unit cell is given at different sizes and phase resolutions of the surface. The performance errors are quantified and subsequently employed as a guideline for designing a reconfigurable surface with robust performance in practice.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright @2021 Engineering Transactions
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Mahanakorn University of Technology
References
M. Di Renzo, A. Zappone, M. Debbah, M. S. Alouini, C. Yuen, J. de Rosny, and S. Tretyakov, “Smart radio environments empowered by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: How it works, state of research, and the road ahead,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 2450– 2525, Nov. 2020
L. Zhang, X. Q. Chen, S. Liu, Q. Zhang, J. Zhao, J. Y. Dai, G. D. Bai, X. Wan, Q. Cheng, G. Castaldi, V. Galdi, and T. J. Cui, “Spacetime-coding digital metasurfaces,” Nat. Commun., vol. 9, no. 4338, Oct. 2018
C. Huang, R. Mo, and C. Yuen, “Reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted multiuser MISO systems exploiting deep reinforcement learning,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1839–1850, Aug. 2020
J. -B. Gros, V. Popov, M. A. Odit, V. Lenets and G. Lerosey, "A Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface at mmWave Based on a Binary Phase Tunable Metasurface," in IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, vol. 2, pp. 1055-1064, 2021.
W. Tang et al., "Path Loss Modeling and Measurements for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in the Millimeter-Wave Frequency Band," in IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 6259-6276, Sept. 2022.
Q. Wu and R. Zhang, "Intelligent Reflecting Surface Enhanced Wireless Network via Joint Active and Passive Beamforming," in IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 5394-5409, Nov. 2019.
R. Long, Y. -C. Liang, Y. Pei and E. G. Larsson, "Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Aided Wireless Communications," in IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 4962-4975, Aug. 2021.
Z. Zhang et al., "Active RIS vs. Passive RIS: Which Will Prevail in 6G?," in IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 1707-1725, March 2023.
Y. Rahmat-Samii, "Useful coordinate transformations for antenna applications," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 571-574, July 1979.
D. R. Prado et al., "Efficient Crosspolar Optimization of Shaped-Beam Dual-Polarized Reflectarrays Using Full- Wave Analysis for the Antenna Element Characterization," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 623-635, Feb. 2017.
Imaz-Lueje, B., Prado, D.R., Arrebola, M. et al. Reflectarray antennas: a smart solution for new generation satellite mega-constellations in space communications. Sci Rep 10, 21554 (2020).
J. -F. Bousquet, S. C. Magierowski and G. G. Messier, "An Integrated Active Reflector for Phase-Sweep Cooperative Diversity," in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 624-628, Aug. 2009.
S. J. Thomas, E. Wheeler, J. Teizer and M. S. Reynolds, "Quadrature Amplitude Modulated Backscatter in Passive and Semipassive UHF RFID Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1175-1182, April 2012.
J. Kimionis, A. Georgiadis, A. Collado and M. M. Tentzeris, "Enhancement of RF Tag Backscatter Efficiency With Low-Power Reflection Amplifiers," in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 3562-3571, Dec. 2014.