Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Bio-Extract Production: Physical, Chemical and Microbial Properties, and Application to Growth of Chinese Kale
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Published:
Sep 6, 2021
Keywords:
Bio-extract Chinese kale growth Fish waste Pineapple peel POME
Main Article Content
Abstract
Palm oil mill effluent is composed of several organic compounds such as nitrogen compounds, oligosaccharides, organic acids, and lipids, which may be beneficial when applied to bio- extracts. The aim of this study was to determine the miscibility of palm waste as an ingredient for bio-extract production; the waste liquid was mixed with two other agricultural wastes: fish waste and pineapple peel. Physical, chemical, and biological changes such as phytotoxicity of the product were observed. Bio-extract fermentation was complete around the end of the first month. The completion of fermentation was determined by the physical, chemical and microbiological features of the mixture. The physical changes of the bio- extract were not significantly different after 35 days of fermentation. Reducing sugar content declined from 66.3 to 2.3 g L-1 over the 150 days of fermentation. COD decreased as well, from 5300 (after secondary treatment) to 200 mg L-1. This could be due to the effect of fermentation on hydrocarbon- based compounds, which are broken down into substances that the microbes are able to digest more efficiently. This bio- extract was subsequently applied to Chinese kale at various dilutions; a dilution ratio of 1: 100 was the most effective for growing Chinese kale. These results indicate that the addition of waste liquids from palm oil factories into bio-extract fermentations could be practical, especially when applied together with fish waste and pineapple peel. The reuse of waste water in bio-extracts could reduce negative impacts on the environment. Moreover, using bio- extracts has the advantage of being lower cost and more environmentally friendly than chemical fertilizers.
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How to Cite
Saenge Chooklin, C. ., Khatfan, A. ., & Sagulsawasdipan, K. (2021). Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Bio-Extract Production: Physical, Chemical and Microbial Properties, and Application to Growth of Chinese Kale. Science & Technology Asia, 26(3), 142–155. Retrieved from https://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/SciTechAsia/article/view/241583
Section
Biological sciences
References
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[2] Sassanarakij, S., (2005). Technology for High Quality Organic-fertilizer Production (Organic-fertilizer, High Quality Organic-fertilizer and Bio-fertilizer), Thailand Institute of Science and Technology, 13th ed., 63 p.
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[4] Pumprasead, J. and Poungjik, T., (2005). Effects of bioextract on growth, yield and reduced production cost of Chinese kale grown under the substrate culture. Journal of Science and Technology, 13(2), 13-21.
[5] Phosri, P., Sutthitham, W. and Vachirapatama, N., (2006). Effect of bioextract on growth and yield of vegetable soybean under substrate culture. In: The Fifth Departmental Science and Technology Conference: Science and Technology and Self-sufficient Economics, 3 November 2006, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani, pp. 86–90.
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[8] Mungkunkamchao, T., Kesmala, T., Pimratch, S., Toomsan, B. and Jothityangkoon, D., (2013). Wood vinegar and fermented bioextracts: Natural products to enhance growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 154, 66-72.
[9] Kamla, N., Limpinuntana, V., Ruaysoongnern, S., Bell, R.W., 2008. Role of fermented
bio-extracts produced by farmers on growth, yield and nutrient contents in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in northeast Thailand. Biol. Agric. Hortic. 25, 353–368
[10] Chonthicha, V. and Thanpisit P., (2005). The effects of bio-extract with nutrient solution on French Marigolds in hydroponic cultivation system. Thammasat Uni. Sci. Technol. J., 13(2), 53-62.
[11]Youprayong, W. and Suksringam, B., (2006). Effect of Bacillus spp. starter cultures to bioextract fermentation of plant. In: The Fifth Departmental Science and Technology Conference: Science and Technology and Self-sufficient Economics, 3 November 2006. Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani, pp. 102–113.
[12 ]Jeyashoke, N., Koonsrisuk, S. and Suchaitanawanich, S., (2007). Quality improvement of virgin coconut oil produced by Reun Samunphai Auw Noi, Pamphlet of the Lower Central Region Research Network. 3 (1), 9–12 (in Thai).
[13] AOAC International, (1995), Chapter 16th, No title. In Cunniff, P. (Ed.), Official Methods of Analysis, vol. I, AOAC International, Arlington, VA, USA.
[4] Manahan, S.E., (1994). Environmental Chemistry. 6th ed. Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, USA.
[15 ]Navarro, A.F., Cegarra, J., Roig, A. and Garcia, D., (1993). Relationships between organic matter and carbon contents of organic wastes. Bioresource Technology, 44 (3), 203–207.
[16] Johnson, T.R. and Case, C.L., (1989). Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology, 2nd ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., California, USA., pp. 56–62.
[17] Department of Agriculture, (2004). Basic Scientific Data of Bio-extract Solutions: Part 1. Quick Printed Offset, Bangkok., 51 p.
[18] Machlis, L. and Torrey, J.G., (1965). Plants in Action. A Laboratory Manual of Plant Physiology. W.H. Freeman, California, 282 p.
[19] Pathanapibul, S., (2003). The Efficiency of Bioextract on Some Kinds of Vegetable in Hydroponic System. M.S. Thesis, Kasetsart University, Bangkok.
[20] Lesing, S. & Aungoolprasert, O. (2016). Efficacy of high quality organic fertilizer on growth and yield of Chinese kale. Journal of Science and Technology, 24(2), 320-332. (in Thai)
[21] Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, (2001). In MuangThong, T. (ed.), Principles of Vegetable Cultivation, 2nd ed., Siam Computer Graphic, Bangkok, 1989, 210 pp. Available from:
[22] Sales, J. and Janssens, P.J.G., (2003). Nutrient requirements of Ornamental fish. Review Aquatic Living Resour., 16, 533-540.
[23] Larrauri, J.A., Rupérez, P. and Calixto, F.S., (1997). Pineapple shell as a source of dietary fiber with associated polyphenols. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 45, 4028–4031.
[24] Luengarepaphong,P.,(2002)“Bio-extract”.Availablefrom:
[25] Klosowski, G., Mikulski, D., Rolbiecka, A. and Czuprynski, B., (2017). Changes in the concentration of carbonyl compounds during the alcoholic fermentation process carried out with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 66(3), 327–334
[26]Beasley, S., (2004). Isolation identification and exploitation of lactic acid bacteria from human and animal microbiota. Academic dissertation. Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry and Viikki Graduate School in Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland, 57 p.
[27] Chanmag, W., Phasuk, S. & Gerdthum, C. (2009). A Study of efficiency of an bio-extract from fish upon growth of Brassica chinensis var.chinensis by hydropoie methods. Journal of Graduate Studies Valaya Alongkron Rajabhat University, 3(1), 85-94. (in Thai)
[28] Adkins, S.W., Simpson, G.M. and Naylor, J., (1984). The physiological basis of seed dormancy in Avena fatya: 6. Respiration and the stimulation of germination by ethanol. Physiologia Plantarum., 62, 148–152.
[29] Gudjonsdottir, S., (1966). Growth-promoting effects of fatty acids on excised wheat roots and oat coleoptiles. Physiologia Plantarum, 19, 523–540.
[30] Copeland, L.O., McDonald, M.B., (1995). Principles of Seed Science and Technology, 3rd ed. Thomson publishing Company, Mexico., 409 p.
[31] Hugenholtz, J., Perdon, L. and Abee, T., (1993). Growth and energy generation by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis during citrate metabolism. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59 (12), 4216–4222.
[32] Kleerebezem, M., Hols, P. and Hugenholtz, J., (2000). Lactic acid bacteria as a cell factory: Lactococcus lactis by metabolic engineering. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 26, 840–848.
[33] Yongyut, O., (2000). Plant Nutrition. Kasetsart University Publisher, Bangkok. 424 p.
[34] Omsub, N., (2002). Bioextract. Entomol. Zool. Gazett, 24(2), 154-158.
[35] Khaliq, A., Abbasi, M.K. and Hussain, T., (2006). Effect of integrated use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources with effective microorganism (EM) on seed cotton yield in Pakistan. Bioresour. Technol., 97, 967-972.
[36] Vetayasuporn, S. (2004). Effective microorganisms for enhancing Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) kummer production. J. Biol. Sci., 4(6), 706-710.
[37] Ahmad, A.L., Chan, C.Y., Shukor Abd. S.R. and Mashitah, M.D., (2008). Recovery of oil and carotenes from palm oil mill effluent (POME)”, Chem. Eng. J., 141(1), 383-386.
[38] Chen, Q. and Liu, S.J., (2019). Identification and Characterization of the Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacterium Pantoea sp. S32 in Reclamation Soil in Shanxi, China. Front Microbiol., 10, 2171.
[39] Maynard, D.M. and Hocmuth, G.J. (2007). Knott’s Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 5thed., John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 621 p.