Green Synthesized Copper Oxide Incorporated on Transparent Nata de Coco Bacterial Cellulose Composite for Optical Detection of Cadmium(II) in Landfill Waste Leachate

Article Sidebar

PDF
Published: Jun 30, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.70730/sta.v31i2.258797
Keywords:
Bacterial cellulose composite Copper(II) oxide (CuO) Cadmium Environmental monitoring Optical sensor

Main Article Content

Siti Linda Cahayani Fanihu
Departmen of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University, Kendari 93231, Indonesia, Senior High School, Yayasan Ummusshabri, Kendari 93111, Indonesia
Abdul Haris Watoni
Departmen of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University, Kendari 93231, Indonesia
Muhammad Yaqub Syamsul Rijal
Departmen of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University, Kendari 93231, Indonesia
Wa Ode Nasyrah Rafiqa
Departmen of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University, Kendari 93231, Indonesia
Suherman Suherman
Departmen of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55223, Indonesia
Kila Dayana Putri
Departmen of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University, Kendari 93231, Indonesia
La Ode Ahmad Nur Ramadhan
Departmen of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University, Kendari 93231, Indonesia

Abstract

Reliable analytical techniques with low detection limits for cadmium are essential for environmental monitoring. This study developed transparent nata de coco bacterial cellulose films incorporated with copper(II) oxide (CuO) nanostructures for optical detection of cadmium(II) in landfill leachate. The cellulose–CuO composite film was produced through bacterial cellulose fermentation using Acetobacter xylinum, CuO nanostructure synthesis via alkaline precipitation and thermal treatment, and incorporation of CuO into transparent cellulose films. Dragon fruit peel extract served as a natural capping and stabilizing agent, while epoxy resin reinforcement improved film durability. The sensor’s optical response to cadmium(II) was evaluated by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The composite film showed excellent analytical performance with an RSD of 0.46%, recovery of 104.7%, LOD and LOQ of 0.04993 ppm and 0.05133 ppm, respectively, and robustness RSD of 0.7%, demonstrating its potential as an environmentally friendly sensor for rapid cadmium detection.

Article Details

How to Cite
Siti Linda Cahayani Fanihu, Abdul Haris Watoni, Muhammad Yaqub Syamsul Rijal, Wa Ode Nasyrah Rafiqa, Suherman Suherman, Kila Dayana Putri, & La Ode Ahmad Nur Ramadhan. (2026). Green Synthesized Copper Oxide Incorporated on Transparent Nata de Coco Bacterial Cellulose Composite for Optical Detection of Cadmium(II) in Landfill Waste Leachate. Science & Technology Asia, 31(2), 238–255. https://doi.org/10.70730/sta.v31i2.258797
Issue
Vol.31 No.2 (April-June 2026)
Section
Biological sciences
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

Eslahi N, Mahmoodi A, Mahmoudi N, Zandi N, Simchi A. Processing and properties of nanofibrous bacterial cellulosecontaining polymer composites: a review of recent advances for biomedical applications. Polymer Reviews. 2019;60:1-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2019.1663210

Syverud K, Stenius P. Strength and bar-rier properties of MFC films. Cellulose. 2009;16:75-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-008-9244-2

Emenike EC, Iwuozor KO, Saliu OD, Ramontja J, Adeniyi AG. Advances in the extraction, classification, modification, emerging and advanced applications of crystalline cellulose: a review. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications. 2023;6:1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100337

Cannon RE. Acetobacter xylinum: an inquiry into cellulose biosynthesis. The American Biology Teacher. 2000;62:442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4450943

Jonas R, Farah LF. Production and application of microbial cellulose. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 1998;59:101-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00197-3

Ramana KV, Tomar A, Singh L. Effect of various carbon and nitrogen sources on cellulose synthesis by Acetobacter xylinum. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology. 2000;16:245-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008958014270

Aritonang HF, Wulandari R, Wuntu AD. Synthesis and characterization of bacterial cellulose/nano-graphite nanocomposite membranes. Macromolecular Symposia. 2020;391(1):1900145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.201900145

Zhang X, Chen W, Li X. Efficiently recyclable Fe-doped ZnO/bacterial cellulosebased composite aerogel for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light. Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 2024;32(9):4315-4329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03232-6

Raut A, Fang H, Lin YC, Rahman MF, Fu S, Yin Y, et al. Designing a microcellulose membrane for hydrogen fuel cells. RSC Sustainability. 2025;3:3025-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00728J

Fatima M, Ahmad F, Waiza, Noor S, Shafique S, Ibrahim ABM, et al. Application of carbon-based electrocatalysts derived from waste materials in fuel cells and electrolyzers. Sustainable Energy Fuels. 2025;9:3523-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00303B

Zhang K, Wu XY. Modulated insulin permeation across a glucose-sensitive polymeric composite membrane. Journal of Controlled Release. 2002;80:169-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-3659(02)00024-X

Zhang K, Wu XY. Temperature and pH-responsive polymeric composite membranes for controlled delivery of proteins and peptides. Biomaterials. 2004;25:5281-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.12.032

Skwierczyńska M, Woźny P, Runowski M, Kulpiński P, Lis S. Optically active plasmonic cellulose fibers based on Au nanorods for SERS applications. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2022;279:119010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119010

Gomes NO, Carrilho E, Machado SAS, Sgobbi LF. Bacterial cellulose-based electrochemical sensing platform: a smart material for miniaturized biosensors. Electrochimica Acta. 2020;349:136341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136341

Veisi H, Karmakar B, Tamoradi T, Hemmati S, Hekmati M, Hamelian M. Biosynthesis of CuO nanoparticles using aqueous extract of herbal tea (Stachys lavandulifolia) flowers and evaluation of its catalytic activity. Scientific Reports. 2021;11:1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81320-6

Siregar AS, Prayogo NA, Harisam T. The accumulation of heavy metals cadmium (Cd) in water, sediments and aquaculture biota contaminated by batik waste in Mulyorejo Village, Pekalongan. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019;406:012031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/406/1/012031

Fularz A, Stogiannis D, Rice JH. Cellulose acetate-based plasmonic crystals for surface-enhanced Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. ACS Materials Au. 2022;2:453-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00013

Scroccarello A, Della PF, Del CM, Compagnone D. Optical plasmonic sensing based on nanomaterials integrated in solid supports: a critical review. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2023;1237:1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.340594

Guler U, Shalaev VM, Boltasseva A. Nanoparticle plasmonics: going practical with transition metal nitrides. Materials Today. 2015;18:227-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2014.10.039

Watoni AH, Rijal R, Ramadhan LOAN, Kadir LOA. Plasmonic sensor nata de coco film inserted with copper nanoparticles for detection of mercury by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Chimica et Natura Acta. 2025;13:28-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/cna.v13.n1.54839

Oetari RA, Hasriyani H, Prayitno A, Sahidin S. Gartanin compounds from ethanol extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) pericarp. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2019;7:3891-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.527

Hameed A, Hameed A, Nadeem H, Farooq T. One-pot synthesis of nanomaterials. In: Handbook of Greener Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Compounds. Vol. 1. 2021. p. 137-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821938-6.00005-0

Singh SJ, Lim YY, Hmar JJL, Chinnamuthu P. Temperature dependency on Cedoped CuO nanoparticles: a comparative study via XRD line broadening analysis. Applied Physics A. 2022;128:188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-05334-1

Nurtiana W. Anthocyanin as natural colorant: a review. Food ScienTech Journal. 2019;1:1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33512/fsj.v1i1.6180

Dil MA, Haghighatzadeh A, Mazinani B. Photocatalytic activity of Aeroxide TiO2 sensitized by natural dye extracted from mangosteen peel. Bulletin of Materials Science. 2019;42:1.

Oza G, Calzadilla-Avila AI, Reyes-Calderón A, Anna KK, Ramírez-Bon R, Tapia-Ramirez J, et al. pH-dependent biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Galphimia glauca for their cytocompatibility evaluation. Applied Nanoscience. 2020;10:541-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-019-01159-2

Masson JF. Portable and field-deployed surface plasmon resonance and plasmonic sensors. Analyst. 2020;145:3776-800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AN00316F

Mulenos MR, Lujan H, Pitts LR, Sayes CM. Silver nanoparticles agglomerate intracellularly depending on the stabilizing agent: implications for nanomedicine efficacy. Nanomaterials. 2020;10:1953. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10101953

Marslin G, Siram K, Maqbool Q, Selvakesavan RK, Kruszka D, Kachlicki P, et al. Secondary metabolites in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Materials. 2018;11:940. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11060940

López R, Namigtle J, Mastache J. Structural characterisation of copper oxide by X-ray diffraction. In: Handbooks Engineering Science and Technology TIX. 2021. p. 70-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35429/H.2021.9.1.70.96

World Health Organization. Preventing Disease Through Healthy Environments: Exposure to Cadmium, a Major Public Health Concern. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.