Cyclic Behavior and Microstructure of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as a Pavement Base Layer
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Abstract
Mechanical analysis of resilient and permanent deformation is critical for pavement design and construction, as repeated traffic loading is the primary factor influencing material stability. This study investigates the cyclic mechanical behavior and microstructural characteristics of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) to evaluate its suitability as a sustainable pavement base material. Geotechnical characterization classified the RCA as a well-graded gravel (GW) adhering to Department of Highways Thailand Type D specifications, with a maximum dry unit weight of 18.85 kN/m³. Multi-stage repeated load triaxial testing was performed to determine resilient modulus and permanent deformation characteristics under varying deviatoric stress states. Results indicated that the RCA exhibits a robust resilient modulus ranging from 125 to 260 MPa. Based on Werkmeister’s and shakedown theory, the material remained within the stable Plastic Creep zone (Range B) across all loading stages (150–450 kPa), demonstrating high resistance to incremental collapse. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed a complex matrix of carbonated adhered mortar and quartz-rich natural aggregates. While the porous interfacial transition zone (ITZ) contributed to elevated water absorption (6.65–7.46%), the non-plastic nature of cementitious fines prevented moisture-induced instability. The integration of macro-mechanical results with micro-scale mineralogical findings validates that RCA provides sufficient structural integrity for high-traffic pavement foundations. This research supports the transition toward a circular economy in Thailand’s infrastructure sector by providing a technical basis for the wide-scale implementation of recycled construction and demolition waste in transportation projects.
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