The Development of Mixed Rusie Dutton and Yoga Exercise Program for Enhancing Executive Function of Brain in Early Adult
Keywords:
Mixed rusie dutton and yoga exercise, Executive function, BrainAbstract
The objectives of this research were to develop the Mixed Rusie Dutton and yoga exercise program, and to assess its effectiveness for enhancing executive of brain function in early adults. The program had 4 elements including muscles stretching, acupressure, breathing exercise and meditation. The practice duration was 77 minutes a day, 3 days per week for 8 weeks divided into 4 sessions involving meditation, warm up, exercise and cool down. Forty early adults participated in this program. Executive function of brain were assessed by Wisconsin card sorting task (WCST), 2-Back task and Stroop color-word task (SCWT) on the computer screen at before and end of the program. The research found that, comparing results within the experimental group, the accuracy scores of WCST, 2-Back task and SCWT at end of the program were higher than before program (p <.01, p < .01, p < .01 respectively), and the reaction times of WCST, 2-Back task and SCWT at end of program were lower than before program (p < .01, p < .01, p < .01 respectively). Moreover, comparing results between groups at end of program, the accuracy scores of WCST, 2-Back task and SCWT in the experimental group were higher than the control group (F = 11.54, p < .01, h2= .49), and the reaction times of WCST, 2-Back task and SCWT in the experimental group were lower than the control group (F = 20.24, p < .01, h2= .63). These results showed that the Mixed Rusie Dutton and yoga exercise program could enhance executive function of brain. Therefore, this program of exercise should be used as a new alternative way to improve executive function of brain in early adults.
References
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2. Diamond A. Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology. 2013; 64: 135-168.
3. Miyake A, Friedman NP, Emerson MJ, Witzki AH, Howerter A, Wager TD. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology. 2000; 41: 49-100.
4. Goldberg E. The executive brain. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001.
5. Baron IS. Neuropsychological evaluation of the child. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004.
6. Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW. Neuropsychological assessment. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004.
7. Diamond A. The early development of executive functions. In: Bialystok E, Craik F, editors. Lifespan Cognition: Mechanisms of Change. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006. p. 70-95.
8. Diamond A. Normal development of prefrontal cortex from birth to young adulthood: Cognitive functions, anatomy, and biochemistry. Principles of frontal lobe function. 2002: 466-503.
9. Luna B, Garver KE, Urban TA, Lazar NA, Sweeney JA. Maturation of Cognitive Processes from Late Childhood to Adulthood. Child Development. 2004; 75(5): 1357-1372.
10. Center on the Developing Child. InBrief: Executive Function [Internet]. 2016 [update 2016; cited 2016 Oct 5]. Available from: http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu
11. Quach D, Mano KEJ, Alexander K. A Randomized Controlled Trial Examining the Effect of Mindfulness Meditation on Working Memory Capacity in Adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2016; 58: 489-496.
12. Gallant SN. Mindfulness meditation practice and executive functioning: Breaking down the benefit. Consciousness and Cognition. 2016; 40: 116-130.
13. Diamond A, Lee K. Interventions and programs demonstrated to aid executive function development in children 4-12 years of age. Science. 2011; 333: 959-964.
14. Albinet CT, Abou-Dest A, Andre N, Audiffren M. Executive functions improvement following a 5-month aquaerobics program in older adults: Role of cardiac vagal control in inhibition performance. Biological Psychology. 2016; 115: 69-77.
15. Colcombe SJ, Kramer AF, McAuley E, Erickson KI, Scalf P. Neurocognitive aging and cardiovascular fitness: recent findings and future directions. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2004; 24(1): 9-14.
16. Yeemin V, Prachakool V. The Barriers for Doing Exercise among Muslim Men in Koo Kwang Sub-district. Journal of exercise and sport science. 2014; 11(1): 1-22. Thai.
17. Polrat N, Siladee K, Prateepkaew N, Chuenmuang A, Okatrat S, Pootkorn W. Related Factors to Student's Exercise at Thammasat University Rangsit Campus. Science and technology journal. 2004; 12(1): 65-71. Thai.
18. Department of Thai traditional and alternative medicine. Yoga teen guide-Self practice. Bangkok: Express transportation organization of Thailand; 2008. Thai.
19. Purohit SP, Pradhan B. Effect of yoga program on executive functions of adolescents dwelling in an orphan home: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2017; 7: 99-105.
20. Gothe NP, Keswani RK, McAuley E. Yoga practice improves executive function by attenuating stress levels. Biological Psychology. 2016; 121: 109-116.
21. Department of Thai traditional and alternative medicine. The elderly care with Thai traditional medicine and integrated medicine guideline. Bangkok: Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University; 2017. Thai.
22. Phuangphae A, Khaothin J, Ruanthai R. Effects of ascetic exercise on health related physical fitness in female students of Sukhothai business school. Journal of Sports Science and Technology. 2010; 10(1): 163-182. Thai.
23. Burapha P. Rusie Dutton- Thai massage Wat Pho. Bangkok: Thaiquality; 2013. Thai.
24. Campo M, Shiyko MP, Kean MB, Roberts L, Pappas E. Musculoskeletal pain associated with recreational yoga participation: A prospective cohort study with 1-year follow-up. Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies. 2017; 1: 1-6.
25. Warapongpichet P. Yoga for body and mind developing. Bangkok: Active print; 2007. Thai.
26. Traditional medicine school of Wat phra chetuphon vimolmangklararm. Marble inscriptions of herbal formulas at Wat phra chetuphon vimolmangklararm. Bangkok: Numaksorn printing; 2015. Thai.
27. Traditional medicine school of Wat phra chetuphon vimolmangklararm. Rusie Dutton textbook of Wat pho. Bangkok: Numaksorn printing; 2006. Thai.
28. Thai traditional development foundation. 127 Rusie Dutton Thai exercise. Bangkok: Sam charoen panich (Bangkok); 2006. Thai.
29. Svatmarama YS. Hatha Yoga Pradipika (Sinh P, Trans.). New Delhi, India: Munshirm Manoharlal Pub. Pvt. Ltd.; 1997.
30. Svatmarama YS. The Hatha Yoga Pradipika (Akers BD, Trans.). New York: YogaVidya.com; 2002.
31. Iyengar BKS. The Illustrated Light on Yoga. India: HarperCollins Publishers; 2005.
32. Kalote ML. Yogic Techniques.(Krivit V, Tungchitmethee J, Trans.). Bangkok: Folk Doctor; 2008. Thai.
33. Supaporn S. Iyengar Yoga Textbook. Bangkok: Feungfa; 2004. Thai.
34. McMillan JH, Schumacher S. Research in Education Evidence-Based Inquiry. 7th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2010.
35. Compumedics Neuroscan. Offline Analysis of Acquired Data 2009. [Software Manual]. El Paso, TX: Compumedics Neuroscan; 2009.
36. Saggar M, et al. Intensive training induces longitudinal changes in meditation state-related EEG oscillatory activity. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2012; 6(256): 1-14.
37. Luu K, Hall PA. Hatha yoga and executive function: a systematic review. Journal of Alternative and complementary medicine. 2016; 22(2): 125-133.
38. Ruscheweyh R, Willemer C, Krüger K, Duning T, Warnecke T, Sommer J, et al. Physical activity and memory function: An Intervention study. Neurobiology of Aging 2016; 16: 1304-1319.
39. Colcombe SJ, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A Meta-Analytic Study. Journal of Psychological Science. 2003; 14(2): 189-193.
40. Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Scalf PE, Kim JS, Prakash R, McAuley E, et al. Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in ageing humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006; 61(11): 1166-1170.
41. Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends in Neuroscience. 2002; 25: 295-301.
42. Knaepen K, Goekint M, Heyman EM, Meeusen R. Neuroplasticity exercise-induced response of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a systematic review of experimental studies in human subjects. Sports Med. 2010; 40: 765-801.
43 Gothe NP, Kramer AF, McAuley E. The Effects of an 8-Week Hatha Yoga Intervention on Executive Function in Older Adults. J. Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014; 69(9): 1109–1116.
44 Gothe N, Pontifex MB, Hillman C, McAuley E. The Acute Effects of Yoga on Executive Function. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2013; 10: 488-495.
