Expression Analysis of Defense Related Genes in Rice Response to Bipolaris oryzae, the Causal Agent of Rice Brown Spot
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Published:
Aug 24, 2019
Keywords:
Bipolaris oryzae Brown spot Defense mechanism Gene expression Rice
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Abstract
The rice defense mechanism was studied against Bipolaris oryzae, the rice brown spot fungus, in two Thai rice varieties, Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML 105) and Jao Hom Nin (JHN) (showing highest and lowest susceptibility to B. oryzae, respectively). The expression was evaluated of eight genes through real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The gene involved in the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway (OsPAL) and the pathogenesis related genes (OsPR1b and OsPBZ1) were upregulated in both varieties with no significant differences. Despite higher expression of the genes involved in the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway (OsLOX and OsAOS2) in JHN, the expression of JiOsPR10 was not significantly different in both varieties. The genes involved in the ethylene (ET) signaling pathway (OsACS1 and OsEIN2) were expressed more highly and far more rapidly in KDML 105 than JHN. Overall, our results demonstrated that the investigated genes related to SA, JA and ET defense pathways may not play a major role in rice resistance against B. oryzae. Furthermore, the high level of transcript accumulation of genes related to the ET signaling pathway may interfere with the ability of rice to resist B. oryzae. The study provided information for a better understanding of rice defense mechanisms against B. oryzae.
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Songkumarn, P., Chaijuckam, P., Tongsri, V., & Guerrero, J. J. G. (2019). Expression Analysis of Defense Related Genes in Rice Response to Bipolaris oryzae, the Causal Agent of Rice Brown Spot. Applied Science and Engineering Progress, 12(2), 104–115. Retrieved from https://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ijast/article/view/211278
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[2] S. Sunder, R. Singh, and R. Agarwal, “Brown spot of rice: An overview,” Indian Phytopathology, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 201–215, Jan. 2014.
[3] S. Y. Padmanabhan, “The great bengal famine,” Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 11, pp. 11–24, 1973.
[4] C. L. Kohls, J. A. Percich, and C. M. Huot, “Wild rice yield losses associated with growth-stagespecific fungal brown spot epidemics,” Plant Disease, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 419–422, May 1987.
[5] R. F. Nyvall and J. A. Percich, “Development of fungal brown spot and spot blotch on cultivated wild rice in Minnesota,” Plant Disease, vol. 83, no. 10, pp. 936–938, Oct. 1999.
[6] M. A. Marchetti and H. D. Petersen, “The role of Bipolaris oryzae in floral abortion and kernel discoloration in rice,” Plant Disease, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 288–291, Apr. 1984.
[7] J. Z. Xiao, M. Tsuda, N. Doke, and S. Nishimura, “Phytotoxins produced by germinating spores of Bipolaris oryzae,” Phytopathology, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 58–64, 1991.
[8] P. Vidhyasekaran, E. S. Borromeo, and T. W. Mew, “Helminthosporium oryzae toxin suppresses phenol metabolism in rice plants and aids pathogen colonization,” Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 307–315, Nov. 1992.
[9] L. J. Dallagnol, F. A. Rodrigues, S. C. V. Martins, P. C. Cavatte, and F. M. DaMatta, “Alterations on rice leaf physiology during infection by Bipolaris oryzae,” Australasian Plant Pathology, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 360–365, Jul. 2011.
[10] R. H. Phelps and C. R. Shand, “Brown leaf spot disease and fertilizer interaction in irrigated rice growing on different soil types,” Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, vol. 42, pp. 117–121, Feb. 1995.
[11] M. K. Barnwal, A. Kotasthane, N. Magculia, P. K. Mukherjee, S. Savary, A. K. Sharma, H. B. Singh, U. S. Singh, A. H. Sparks, M. Variar, and N. Zaidi, “A review on crop losses, epidemiology and disease management of rice brown spot to identify research priorities and knowledge gaps,” European Journal of Plant Pathology, vol. 136, no. 3, pp. 443–457, Jul. 2013.
[12] H. Sato, I. Ando, H. Hirabayashi, Y. Takeuchi, S. Arase, J. Kihara, H. Kato, T. Imbe, and H. Nemoto, “QTL analysis of brown spot resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.),” Breeding Science, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 93–96, Mar. 2008.
[13] M. S. Dudhare, P. V. Jadhav, and S. K. Mishra, “Molecular mapping of QTLs for resistance to brown spot disease in rice,” Journal of Plant Disease Sciences, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 21–23, 2008.
[14] H. Sato, K. Matsumoto, C. Ota, T. Yamakawa, J. Kihara, and R. Mizobuchi, “Confirming a major QTL and finding additional loci responsible for field resistance to brown spot (Bipolaris oryzae) in rice,” Breeding Science, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 170–175, Apr. 2015.
[15] K. Matsumoto, Y. Ota, S. Seta, Y. Nakayama, T. Ohno, R. Mizobuchi, and H. Sato, “Identification of QTLs for rice brown spot resistance in backcross inbred lines derived from a cross between Koshihikari and CH45,” Breeding Science, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 540–543, Nov. 2017.
[16] J. D. G. Jones and J. L. Dangl, “The plant immune system,” Nature, vol. 444, pp. 323–329, Nov. 2006.
[17] F. Katagiri and K. Tsuda, “Understanding the plant immune system,” Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 1531–1536, Dec. 2010.
[18] A. Robert-Seilaniantz, M. Grant, and J. D. G. Jones, “Hormone crosstalk in plant disease and defense: More than just jasmonate-salicylate antagonism,” Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 317–343, Sep. 2011.
[19] J. Bigeard, J. Colcombet, and H. Hirt, “Signaling mechanisms in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI),” Molecular Plant, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 521–539, Apr. 2015.
[20] M. Grant and C. Lamb, “Systemic immunity,” Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 414–420, Aug. 2006.
[21] J. Shah, “Plants under attack: Systemic signals in defence,” Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 459–464, Aug. 2009.
[22] B. N. Kunkel and D. M. Brooks, “Cross talk between signaling pathways in pathogen defense,” Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 325–331, Aug. 2002.
[23] D. De Vleesschauwer, J. Xu, and M. Höfte, “Making sense of hormone-mediated defense networking: From rice to Arabidopsis,” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 5, pp. 1–15, Nov. 2014.
[24] B. P. H. J. Thomma, I. A. M. A. Penninckx, B. P. A. Cammue, and W. F. Broekaert, “The complexity of disease signaling in Arabidopsis,” Current Opinion in Immunology, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 63–68, Feb. 2001.
[25] A. Kessler and I. T. Baldwin, “Plant responses to insect herbiory: The emerging molecular analysis,” Annual Review of Plant Biology, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 299–328, Jun. 2002.
[26] J. S. Thaler, P. T. Humphrey, and N. K. Whiteman, “Evolution of jasmonate and salicylate signal crosstalk,” Trends in Plant Science, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 260–270, Apr. 2012.
[27] J. Liu, C. H. Park, F. He, M. Nagano, M. Wang, M. Bellizzi, K. Zhang, X. Zeng, W. Liu, Y. Ning, Y. Kawano, and G. -L. Wang, “The RhoGAP SPIN6 associates with SPL11 and OsRac1 and negatively regulates programmed cell death and innate immunity in rice,” PLOS Pathogens, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1–23, Feb. 2015.
[28] C. Duan, J. Yu, J. Bai, Z. Zhu, and X. Wang, “Induced defense responses in rice plants against small brown planthopper infestation,” The Crop Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 55–62, Feb. 2014.
[29] D. De Vleesschauwer, Y. Yang, C. Vera Cruz, and M. Höfte, “Abscisic acid-induced resistance against the brown spot pathogen Cochliobolus miyabeanus in rice involves MAP kinasemediated repression of ethylene signaling,” Plant Physiology, vol. 152, no. 4, pp. 2036–2052, Apr. 2010.
[30] E. E. Helliwell, Q. Wang, and Y. Yang, “Ethylene biosynthesis and signaling is required for rice immune response and basal resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae infection,” Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 831–843, Nov. 2016.
[31] K. J. Livak, and T. D. Schmittgen, “Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT method,” Methods, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 402–408, Dec. 2001.
[32] D. De Vleesschauwer, G. Gheysen, and M. Höfte, “Hormone defense networking in rice: Tales from a different world,” Trends in Plant Science, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 555–565, Jul. 2013.
[33] A. Verhage, S. C. M. van Wees, and C. M. J. Pieterse, “Plant immunity: it's the hormones talking, but what do they say?,” Plant Physiology, vol. 154, no. 2, pp. 536–540, Oct. 2010.
[34] R. Mizobuchi, S. Fukuoka, S. Tsushima, M. Yano, and H. Sato, “QTLs for resistance to major rice diseases exacerbated by global warming: Brown spot, bacterial seedling rot, and bacterial grain rot,” Rice, vol. 9, pp. 1–12, May 2016.
[35] J. P. Métraux, H. Signer, J. Ryals, E. Ward, M. Wyss-Benz, J. Gaudin, K. Raschdorf, E. Schmid, W. Blum, and B. Inverardi, “Increase in salicylic acid at the onset of systemic acquired resistance in cucumber,” Science, vol. 250, pp. 1004–1006, Nov. 1990.
[36] M. -H. Cho and S. -W. Lee, “Phenolic phytoalexins in rice: Biological functions and biosynthesis,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 29120–29133, Dec. 2015.
[37] G. Diallinas and A. K. Kanellis, “A phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from melon fruit: cDNA cloning, sequence and expression in response to development and wounding,” Plant Molecular Biology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 473–479, Oct. 1994.
[38] R. A. Dixon and N. L. Paiva, “Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism,” The Plant Cell, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 1085–1097, Jul. 1995.
[39] D. S. Kim and B. K. Hwang, “An important role of the pepper phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (PAL1) in salicylic acid-dependent signalling of the defence response to microbial pathogens,” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 2295–2306, Jun. 2014.
[40] G. K. Agrawal, R. Rakwal, and N. -S. Jwa, “Rice (Oryza sativa L.) OsPR1b gene is phytohormonally regulated in close interaction with light signals,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 278, no. 2, pp. 290–298, Nov. 2000.
[41] I. Mitsuhara, T. Iwai, S. Seo, Y. Yanagawa, H. Kawahigasi, S. Hirose, Y. Ohkawa, and Y. Ohashi, “Characteristic expression of twelve rice PR1 family genes in response to pathogen infection, wounding, and defense-related signal compounds (121/180),” Molecular Genetics and Genomics, vol. 279, no. 4, pp. 415–427, Apr. 2008.
[42] F. Lu, H. Wang, S. Wang, W. Jiang, C. Shan, B. Li, J. Yang, S. Zhang, and W. Sun, “Enhancement of innate immune system in monocot rice by transferring the dicotyledonous elongation factor Tu receptor EFR,” Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 641–652, Jul. 2015.
[43] I. Ahn, S. Kim, S. C. Kang, S. Suh, and Y. Lee, “Rice defense mechanisms against Cochliobolus miyabeanus and Magnaporthe grisea are distinct,” Phytopathology, vol. 95, no. 11, pp. 1248–1255, Nov. 2005.
[44] R. A. Creelman and J. E. Mullet, “Jasmonic acid distribution and action in plants: Regulation during development and response to biotic and abiotic stress,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 92, no. 10, pp. 4114–4119, May 1995.
[45] C. J. Antico, C. Colon, T. Banks, and K. M. Ramonell, “Insights into the role of jasmonic acid-mediated defenses against necrotrophic and biotrophic fungal pathogens,” Frontiers in Biology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 48–56, Feb. 2012.
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