Photocatalytic Degradation of Diazinon in g-C3N4/Fe(III)/Persulfate System under Visible LED Light Irradiation
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Published:
Jan 4, 2021
Keywords:
Photocatalytic degradation Diazinon Graphitic carbon nitride Urea Pyrolysis
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Abstract
In the past years, the non-conventional treatment of pesticides in wastewater like photocatalytic degradation has been the focus of the attention of researchers to mitigate its impact on both humans and the environment. In this study, synthesized graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) from urea is used in the photocatalytic degradation of diazinon as a photocatalyst with the addition of ferric nitrate (Fe3(NO3)3) and potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) to enhanced degradation. Graphitic carbon nitride was produced using direct calcination of urea at 550°C for 2 h. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized g-C3N4 were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD). The photocatalytic degradation of diazinon was conducted under a g-C3N4/Fe(III)/persulfate system using different parameters such as catalyst loading (75, 100, and 125 mg), Fe3(NO3)3 (325, 350, and 375 mg L–1), and K2S2O8 (275, 300, and 325 mg L–1) resulting to an improved photocatalytic degradation efficiency. The physicochemical results showed a synthesized g-C3N4 that exhibits properties that are following the international standards. The results of photocatalytic degradation showed the highest degradation of g-C3N4 at 37.3%, under the parametric conditions of 125 mg g-C3N4, 325 mg L–1 of Fe3(NO3)3, and 300 mg L–1 of K2S2O8. The degradation efficiency was observed to increase as the catalyst load increases, while an increase in degradation efficiency can only be observed up to a certain value using ferric nitrate and persulfate. Overall, this study provided insight on the possible use of urea, as a source of g-C3N4 and the use of g-C3N4 as a photocatalyst using visible light as a more economic approach and cost-efficient way of handling wastewater.
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Rubi, R. V. C., Olay, J. G., Caleon, P. B. G., De Jesus, R. A. F., Indab, M. B. L., Jacinto, R. C. H., Sabalones, M. S., Rosa, F. dela, & Hamidah, N. L. (2021). Photocatalytic Degradation of Diazinon in g-C3N4/Fe(III)/Persulfate System under Visible LED Light Irradiation. Applied Science and Engineering Progress, 14(1), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2020.12.008
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Research Articles
References
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[4] B. A. M. Bouman, A. R. Castañeda, and S. I. Bhuiyan, “Nitrate and pesticide contamination of groundwater under rice-based cropping systems: Past and current evidence from the Philippines,” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 92, no. 2–3, pp. 185–199, Nov. 2002, doi: 10.1016/ S0167-8809(01)00297-3.
[5] F. P. Carvalho, J. P. Villeneuve, C. Cattini, I. Tolosa, C. M. Bajet, and M. Navarro-Calingacion, “Organic contaminants in the marine environment of Manila Bay, Philippines,” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 348–358, Aug. 2009, doi: 10.1007/s00244-008-9271-x.
[6] S. R. Mirmassomi, M. G. Ghazi, and M. Galedari “Photocatalytic degradation of diazinon under visible light using TiO2/Fe2O3 nanocomposite synthesized by ultrasonic assisted impregnation method” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 175, no. 24, pp. 418–427, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.11.021.
[7] D. J. Martin, G. Liu, S. J. A. Moniz, Y. Bi, A. M. Beale, J. Ye, and J. Tang, “Efficient visible driven photocatalyst, silver phosphate: Performance, understanding and perspective,” Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 44, no. 21, pp. 7808–7828, 2015, doi: 10.1039/C5CS00380F.
[8] J.-Y. Hu, K. Tian, and H. Jiang, “Improvement of phenol photodegradation efficiency by a combined g-C3N4/Fe(III)/persulfate system,” Chemosphere, vol. 148, pp. 34–40, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.002.
[9] N. Boonprakob, N. Wetchakun, S. Phanichphant, D. Waxler, P. Sherrell, A. Nattestad, J. Chen, and B. Inceesungvorn, “Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4/TiO2 films,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 417, pp. 402–409, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013. 11.072.
[10] J. Liu, T. Zhang, Z. Wang, G. Dawson, and W. Chen, “Simple pyrolysis of urea into graphitic carbon nitride with recyclable adsorption and photocatalytic activity,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 38, p. 14398, 2011, doi: 10.1039/c1jm12620b.
[11] M. Zhang, J. Xu, R. L. Zong, and Y. F. Zhu, “Enhancement of visible light photocatalytic activities via porous structure of g-C3N4” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 147, p. 229–235, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. apcatb.2013.09.002.
[12] F. Dong, L. Wu, Y. Sun, M. Fu, Z. Wu, and S. C. Lee, “Efficient synthesis of polymeric g-C3N4 layered materials as novel efficient visible light driven photocatalysts,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 39, p. 15171, 2011, doi: 10.1039/c1jm12844b.
[13] Y. Lu, X. Yang, L. Xu, Z. Wang, Y. Xu, and G. Qian, “Sulfate radicals from Fe3+/persulfate system for Rhodamine B degradation” Desalin. Water Treat., vol. 57, no. 60, pp. 29411–29420, https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1148641.
[14] J. Xu, Y. Li, S. Peng, G. Lu, and S. Li, “Eosin Y-sensitized graphitic carbon nitride fabricated by heating urea for visible light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution: The effect of the pyrolysis temperature of urea,” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 15, no. 20, p. 7657, 2013, doi: 10.1039/c3cp44687e.
[15] X. Wang, K. Maeda, X. Chen, K. Takanabe, K. Domen, Y. Hou, X. Fu, and M. Antonietti, “Polymer semiconductors for artificial photosynthesis: Hydrogen evolution by mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride with visible light,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 131, no. 5, pp. 1680–1681, Feb. 2009, doi: 10.1021/ja809307s.
[16] X. Li, J. Zhang, L. Shen, Y. Ma, W. Lei, Q. Cui, and G. Zou, “Preparation and characterization of graphitic carbon nitride through pyrolysis of melamine,” Applied Physics A, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 387–392, Feb. 2009, doi: 10.1007/s00339- 008-4816-4.
[17] K. Salma-Ancane, L. Stipniece, N. Borodajenko, D. Jakovlevs, and L. Berzina-Cimdina, “Incorporation of magnesium ions into synthetic hydroxyapatite: Synthesis and characterization,” KEM, vol. 527, pp. 26–31, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.527.26.
[18] V. N. Khabashesku, J. L. Zimmerman, and J. L. Margrave, “Powder synthesis and characterization of amorphous carbon nitride,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 3264–3270, Nov. 2000, doi: 10.1021/cm000328r.
[19] J. L. Zimmerman, R. Williams, V. N. Khabashesku, and J. L. Margrave, “Synthesis of spherical carbon nitride nanostructures,” Nano Letters, vol. 1, no. 12, pp. 731–734, Dec. 2001, doi: 10.1021/ nl015626h.
[20] B. Nim, P. Sreearunothai, P. Opaprakasit, and A. Petchsuk, “Preparation and properties of electrospun fibers of titanium dioxide-loaded polylactide/polyvinylpyrrolidone blends,” Applied Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 52–58, 2019, doi: 10.14416/j. ijast.2018.10.003.
[21] N. Daneshvar, S. Aber, M. Seyeddorraji, A. Khataee, and M. Rasoulifard, “Photocatalytic degradation of the insecticide diazinon in the presence of prepared nanocrystalline ZnO powders under irradiation of UV-C light,” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 91–98, Dec. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2007.07.016.
[22] N. Boonprakob, D. Channei, B. Inceesungvorn, and C. Zhao, “Visible light-driven BiOI/ZnO photocatalyst films and its photodegradation of methomyl insecticide,” Applied Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 297–304, 2018, doi: 10.14416/j.ijast.2018.08.003.
[23] R. V. Rubi, E. Roque, F. D. Rosa, R. M. Estoque, G. Olvido, P. J. Perey, J. S. Teresa, and M. A. Tesalona, “Photocatalytic degradation of Atrazine herbicide using nano-Hydroxyapatite from cow bone synthesized via simulated body fluid,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 778, p. 012013, 2020, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/778/1/012013.
[24] J. Xu, Y. Li, S. Peng, G. Lu, and S. Li, “Eosin sensitized graphitic carbon nitride fabricated by heating urea for visible light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution: The effect of the pyrolysis temperature of urea,” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 15, no. 20, p. 7657, 2013, doi: 10.1039/c3cp44687e.
[25] S. S. Al-Shamali, “Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in the presence of TiO2 catalyst assisted solar radiation,” Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 172–176, 2013.
[26] B. Subash, B. Krishnakumar, M. Swaminathan, and M. Shanthi, “Highly efficient, solar active, and reusable photocatalyst: Zr-Loaded Ag– ZnO for reactive red 120 dye degradation with synergistic effect and dye-sensitized mechanism,” Langmuir, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 939–949, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1021/la303842c.
[27] H. Dewidar, S. A. Nosier, and A. H. El- Shazly, “Photocatalytic degradation of phenol solution using zinc oxide/UV,” Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, vol. 25, no.1, pp. 2–11, 2018, doi: 10.1021/acs.chas.8b25104.