Spanish Broom Fibres Properties and Extraction for Application in Composites: A Review
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Published:
Oct 7, 2021
Keywords:
Enzymatic treatment Biocomposites Spanish broom Natural fibers
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Abstract
The development of a number of natural fibre products for textiles was attempted during the period of Italian autarchy (1935–1943) under the direct support of the Fascist regime. Among these fibre products, Spanish broom fibre is derived from the stem of Spartium junceum, a spontaneous plant in large parts of Italy, especially in the Southern region of Calabria. The extraction of the fibre proved cumbersome though, especially for the hardness of the stem. Therefore, different retting processes were developed, mechanical, chemical and also bacterial and, in the latter case through the use of Clostridium felsineum, it was proved to be effective to a point allowing the production of textiles. The historical events linked to the fall of the dictatorship led to some oblivion and also to the possible loss of archive materials. The objective of this review is to elicit ideas and developments concerning an effective extraction and degumming of Spanish broom fibres and evaluate the more recent applications to the field of biocomposites.
Article Details
How to Cite
Santulli, C., & Giampaoli, G. (2021). Spanish Broom Fibres Properties and Extraction for Application in Composites: A Review. Applied Science and Engineering Progress, 14(4), 624–631. https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2021.05.004
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Review Articles
References
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[27] Z. Kovačević, S. B. Vukušić, and M. Zimniewska, “Comparison of Spanish broom (Spartium junceum L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum) fibre,” Textile Research Journal, vol. 82, pp. 1786–1798, 2012.
[28] D. Katović, A. Katović, and A. Antonović, “Extraction methods of Spanish broom (Spartium Junceum L.),” Wood Industry, vol. 62, pp. 255–261, 2011.
[29] M. I. Totolin, C. Vasile, M. C. Tibirn, and M. C. Popescu, “Grafting of Spanish broom (Spartium Junceum) fibers with fatty acids under cold plasma conditions,” Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, vol. 42, pp. 317–333, 2008.
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[37] A. Thygesen, M. Liu, A. S. Meyer, and G. Daniel, “Hemp fibres: Enzymatic effect of microbial processing on fibre bundle structure,” Risoe International Symposium on Materials Science Proceedings, vol. 34, pp. 373–380, 2013.
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[42] Z. Kovacevic, S. Bischof, and M. Fan, “The influence of Spartium junceum L. fibres modified with montmorillonite nanoclay on the thermal properties of PLA biocomposites,” Composites Part B, vol. 78, pp. 122–130, 2015.
[43] Y. Nouar, S. Nekkaa, M. Fernández-García, and D. López, “The thermal and thermomechanical behaviors of Spartium junceum flour reinforced polypropylene composites: Effects of treatment and flour content,” Composite Interfaces, vol. 25, pp. 1067–1089, 2018.
[44] K. Messaoudi, S. Nekkaa, and M. Guessoum, “Contribution of surface treatments by esterification and silanization in reinforcing the composites based on pine cone and Spartium junceum flours and polypropylene,” Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, vol. 33, pp. 2405–2429, 2019.
[45] M. V. Pereira, R. Fujiyama, F. Darwish, and G. T. Alves, “On the strengthening of cement mortar by natural fibers,” Journal of Materials Research, vol. 18, pp. 177–183, 2015.
[46] P. Lertwattanaruk and A. Suntijitto, “Properties of natural fiber cement materials containing coconut coir and oil palm fibers for residential building applications,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 94, pp. 664–669, 2015.
[47] S. Juradin, I. Boko, I. N. Grubeša, D. Jozić, and S. Mrakovčić, “Influence of harvesting time and maceration method of Spanish broom (Spartium junceum L.) fibers on mechanical properties of reinforced cement mortar,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 225, pp. 243–255, 2019.
[48] S. Juradin, I. Boko, I. N. Grubeša, D. Jozić, and S. Mrakovčić, “Influence of different treatment and amount of Spanish broom and hemp fibres on the mechanical properties of reinforced cement mortars,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 273, 2021, Art. no. 121702.
[2] F. D. Falco, “Autarkic materials and types. The culture of the product between industry and handicrafts in Italy in the early forties,” AIS/Design Storia e Ricerche, vol. 4, 2014, Art. no. 0402.
[3] A. Shahzad, “Hemp fiber and its composites–A review,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 46, pp. 973–986, 2012.
[4] V. Fiore, T. Scalici, and A. Valenza, “Characterization of a new natural fiber from Arundo donax L. as potential reinforcement of polymer composites,” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 106, pp. 77–83, 2014.
[5] N. Shanmugasundaram, I. Rajendran, and T. Ramkumar, “Static, dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of untreated and alkali treated mulberry fiber reinforced polyester composites,” Polymer Composites, vol. 39, pp. E1908–E1919, 2018.
[6] D. Katović, A. Katović, and M. Krnčević, “Spanish broom (Spartium junceum L.) -history and perspective,” Journal of Natural Fibers, vol. 8, pp. 81–98, 2011.
[7] T. Cerchiara, G. Chidichimo, M. I. Ragusa, E. L. Belsito, A. Liguori, and A. Arioli, “Characterization and utilization of Spanish broom (Spartium junceum L.) seed oil,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 31, pp. 423–426, 2010.
[8] T. Cerchiara, S. V. Straface, G. Chidichimo, E. L. Belsito, A. Liguori, B. Luppi, F. Bigucci, and V. Zecchi, “Spartium junceum aromatic water: Chemical composition and antitumor activity,” Natural Product Communications, vol. 7, pp. 137– 140, 2012.
[9] A. Tursi, E. Chatzisymeon, F. Chidichimo, A. Beneduci, and G. Chidichimo, “Removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals from water: Adsorption of bisphenol-A by biobased hydrophobic functionalized cellulose,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 15, p. 2419, 2018.
[10] T. Cerchiara, A. Abruzzo, R. A. N. Palomino, B. Vitali, R. D. Rose, G. Chidichimo, L. Ceseracciu, A. Athanassiou, B. Saladini, F. Dalena, F. Bigucci, and B. Luppi, “Spanish broom (Spartium junceum L.) fibers impregnated with vancomycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles as new antibacterial wound dressing: Preparation, characterization and antibacterial activity,” European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 99, 2017, pp. 105– 112.
[11] T. Cerchiara, B. Giordani, L. M. Melgoza, C. Prata, C. Parolin, F. Dalena, A. Abruzzo, F. Bigucci, B. Luppi, and B. Vitali, “New Spanish broom dressings based on vitamin E and Lactobacillus plantarum for superficial skin wounds,” Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, vol. 56, 2020, Art. no. 101499.
[12] A. Abruzzo, C. Cappadone, G. Farruggia, B. Luppi, F. Bigucci, and T. Cerchiara, “Glycyrrhetinic acid liposomes and hyalurosomes on Spanish broom, flax, and hemp dressings to heal skin wounds,” Molecules, vol. 25, no. 11, 2020, Art. no. 2558.
[13] C. Fallico, S. Troisi, A. Molinari, and M. F. Rivera, “Characterization of broom fibers for PRB in the remediation of aquifers contaminated by heavy metals,” Biogeosciences, vol. 7, pp. 2545– 2556, 2010.
[14] M. S. Smole, S. Hribernik, M. Kurečič, A. U. Krajnc, T. Kreže, and K. S. Kleinschek, “Preparation of cellulose nanocrystals CNC from nettle, weeping willow, balm-leaved archangel, lucerne and Spanish broom,” in Surface Properties of Non-conventional Cellulose Fibres. New York: Springer, 2019 pp. 73–86.
[15] Z. Kovačević, V. Jurišić, M. Grubor, A. Matin, T. Krička, and S. Bischof, “Spanish broom (Spartium Junceum L.)–feedstock for bioplastic and bioenergy industry,” The Holistic Approach to Environment, vol. 9, pp. 44–52, 2019.
[16] L. F. Potter and E. M. Coy, “The fermentation of pectin and pectic acid by Clostridium felsineum,” Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 64, pp. 701–708, 1952.
[17] F. Sarasini and V. Fiore, “A systematic literature review on less common natural fibres and their biocomposites,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 195, pp. 240–267, 2018.
[18] S. M. Rangappa, S. Siengchin, and H. N. Dhakal, “Green-composites: Ecofriendly and sustainability,” Applied Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 183–184, 2020, doi: 10.14416/j.asep.2020.06.001.
[19] M. Jawaid and S. Siengchin, “Hybrid composites: A versatile materials for future,” Applied Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 223, 2019, doi: 10.14416/j.asep.2019.09.002.
[20] S. M. K. Thiagamani, S. Krishnasamy, and S. Siengchin, “Challenges of biodegradable polymers: An environmental perspective,” Applied Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 149, 2019, doi: 10.14416/j.asep.2019.03.002.
[21] T. Cerchiara, G. Chidichimo, M. C. Gallucci, and D. Vuono, “Effects of extraction methods on the morphology and physico-chemical properties of Spanish broom (Spartium junceum L.) fibres,” Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, vol. 1, pp. 13–16, 2010.
[22] B. Gabriele, T. Cerchiara, G. Salerno, G. Chidichimo, M. V. Vetere, C. Alampi, M. C. Gallucci, C. Conidi, and A. Cassano, “A new physical–chemical process for the efficient production of cellulose fibers from Spanish broom (Spartium junceum L.),” Bioresource Technology, vol. 101, pp. 724– 729, 2010.
[23] C. R. D. Costa, A. Ratti, and B. D. Curto, “Product development using vegetable fibers,” WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering, vol. 87, pp. 1–11, 2015.
[24] S. Korte and M. P. Staiger, “Effect of processing route on the composition and properties of hemp fibre,” Fibers and Polymers, vol. 9, pp. 593–603, 2008.
[25] L. G. Angelini, A. Lazzeri, G. Levita, D. Fontanelli, and C. Bozzi, “Ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.) and Spanish broom (Spartium junceum L.) fibres for composite materials: Agronomical aspects, morphology and mechanical properties,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 11, pp. 145– 161, 2000.
[26] P. Picuno, “Use of traditional material in farm buildings for a sustainable rural environment,” International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, vol. 5, pp. 451–460, 2016.
[27] Z. Kovačević, S. B. Vukušić, and M. Zimniewska, “Comparison of Spanish broom (Spartium junceum L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum) fibre,” Textile Research Journal, vol. 82, pp. 1786–1798, 2012.
[28] D. Katović, A. Katović, and A. Antonović, “Extraction methods of Spanish broom (Spartium Junceum L.),” Wood Industry, vol. 62, pp. 255–261, 2011.
[29] M. I. Totolin, C. Vasile, M. C. Tibirn, and M. C. Popescu, “Grafting of Spanish broom (Spartium Junceum) fibers with fatty acids under cold plasma conditions,” Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, vol. 42, pp. 317–333, 2008.
[30] D. Sanders, A. Grunden, and R. R. Dunn, “A review of clothing microbiology: The history of clothing and the role of microbes in textiles,” Biology Letters, vol. 27, 2021, Art. no. 20200700.
[31] F. W. Tanner, “Microbiology of flax retting,” Botanical Gazette, vol. 74, pp.174–185, 1922.
[32] D. Carbone, “Process for preparing cultures of Bacillus felsineus,” U.S. Patent 1 556 489, 1925.
[33] L. S. McClung, “Isolation of Clostridium felsineum from samples of Indiana mud,” in Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 51, 1941, pp. 71–72.
[34] S. Yadav, P. K. Yadav, D. Yadav, and K. D. S. Yadav, “Pectin lyase: A review,” Process Biochemistry, vol. 44, pp. 1–10, 2009.
[35] J. H. Rau, “Die infrarot-spektren der textilfasern II/ zellulosefasern,” Meilliand Text, vol. 44, p. 1197, 1963.
[36] M. Di Candilo, P. Ranalli, C. Bozzi, B. Focher, and G. Mastromei, “Preliminary results of tests facing with the controlled retting of hemp,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 11, pp. 197–203, 2000.
[37] A. Thygesen, M. Liu, A. S. Meyer, and G. Daniel, “Hemp fibres: Enzymatic effect of microbial processing on fibre bundle structure,” Risoe International Symposium on Materials Science Proceedings, vol. 34, pp. 373–380, 2013.
[38] L. G. Angelini and S. Tavarini, “Ramie [Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.] as a potential new fibre crop for the Mediterranean region: Growth, crop yield and fibre quality in a long-term field experiment in Central Italy,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 51, pp. 138–144, 2013.
[39] L. G. Angelini, S. Tavarini, and L. Foschi, “Spanish broom (Spartium junceum L.) as new fiber for biocomposites: The effect of crop age and microbial retting on fiber quality,” Materials Science, 2013, Art. no. 274359, doi: 10.1155/2013/274359.
[40] N. D. Virgilio, E. G. Papazoglou, Z. Jankauskiene, S. D. Lonardo, M. Praczyk, and K. Wielgusz, “The potential of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) as a crop with multiple uses,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 68, pp. 42–49, Jun. 2015.
[41] A. Abbott and M. Ellison, Biologically Inspired Textiles. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing Ltd., 2008.
[42] Z. Kovacevic, S. Bischof, and M. Fan, “The influence of Spartium junceum L. fibres modified with montmorillonite nanoclay on the thermal properties of PLA biocomposites,” Composites Part B, vol. 78, pp. 122–130, 2015.
[43] Y. Nouar, S. Nekkaa, M. Fernández-García, and D. López, “The thermal and thermomechanical behaviors of Spartium junceum flour reinforced polypropylene composites: Effects of treatment and flour content,” Composite Interfaces, vol. 25, pp. 1067–1089, 2018.
[44] K. Messaoudi, S. Nekkaa, and M. Guessoum, “Contribution of surface treatments by esterification and silanization in reinforcing the composites based on pine cone and Spartium junceum flours and polypropylene,” Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, vol. 33, pp. 2405–2429, 2019.
[45] M. V. Pereira, R. Fujiyama, F. Darwish, and G. T. Alves, “On the strengthening of cement mortar by natural fibers,” Journal of Materials Research, vol. 18, pp. 177–183, 2015.
[46] P. Lertwattanaruk and A. Suntijitto, “Properties of natural fiber cement materials containing coconut coir and oil palm fibers for residential building applications,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 94, pp. 664–669, 2015.
[47] S. Juradin, I. Boko, I. N. Grubeša, D. Jozić, and S. Mrakovčić, “Influence of harvesting time and maceration method of Spanish broom (Spartium junceum L.) fibers on mechanical properties of reinforced cement mortar,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 225, pp. 243–255, 2019.
[48] S. Juradin, I. Boko, I. N. Grubeša, D. Jozić, and S. Mrakovčić, “Influence of different treatment and amount of Spanish broom and hemp fibres on the mechanical properties of reinforced cement mortars,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 273, 2021, Art. no. 121702.