Triangular Model and Two of Its Variants Under Stratified Sampling

Authors

  • Eman Mansour Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
  • Reda Mazloum Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
  • Sally Abdelfatah Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

Keywords:

Estimation of proportion, maximum likelihood estimation, non-randomized response technique, triangular model

Abstract

The non-randomized response (NRR) technique is a procedure that can be used in surveys with sensitive questions, and it has many advantages over the randomized response (RR) technique such as the ease of implementation and the ability to be used in self-administrated surveys as no random device is required. Many NRR models were developed to increase the efficiency and/or increase the respondents’ cooperation such as the triangular model and the alternating triangular model. In this paper, we extended the triangular model and two of its variants; the alternating triangular model and the triangular model under non-compliance; to stratified random sampling. The maximum likelihood estimation method was employed to estimate the population proportion possessing the sensitive attribute under each of the three extended models. Unbiased estimators of the sensitive proportion were derived and their sampling variances were obtained. In addition, the optimal allocation of the sample size for the three extended models was derived.

References

Chaudhuri A. Unbiased estimation of a sensitive proportion in general sampling by three nonrandomized response schemes. J Stat Theory Pract. 2012; 6(2): 376-381.

Groenitz H. A new privacy-protecting survey design for multichotomous sensitive variables. Metrika. 2014a; 77(2): 211-224.

Groenitz H. Applying the nonrandomized diagonal model to estimate a sensitive distribution in complex sample surveys. J Stat Theory Pract. 2014b; 8(2): 319-342.

Jerke J, Krumpal I. Plagiarism in student papers: an empirical study using the triangular model. Methods Data Anal. 2013; 7(3): 347-368.

Swensson B. Combined questions: a new survey technique for eliminating evasive answer bias (I)—basic theory. Report No. 70 of the Errors in Surveys Research Project. Stockholm: Institute of Statistics, University of Stockholm; 1974.

Takahasi K, Sakasegawa H. A randomized response technique without making use of any randomizing device. Ann Inst Stat Math. 1977; 29(1): 1-8.

Tan M, Tian GL, Tang ML. Sample surveys with sensitive questions: a nonrandomized response approach. Am Stat. 2009; 63(1): 9-16.

Tian GL. A new non-randomized response model: the parallel model. Stat Neerl. 2014; 68(4): 293-323.

Warner SL. Randomized response: A survey technique for eliminating evasive answer bias. J Am Stat Assoc. 1965; 60(309): 63-69.

Wu Q, Tang ML. Flexible non-randomized response models for survey with sensitive question. Stat Med. 2014; 33(6): 918-929.

Wu Q, Tang ML. Non-randomized response model for sensitive survey with noncompliance. Stat Methods Med Res. 2016; 25(6): 2827-2839.

Yu JW, Tian GL, Tang ML. Two new models for survey sampling with sensitive characteristic: design and analysis. Metrika. 2008; 67(3): 251-263.

Downloads

Published

2026-09-30

How to Cite

Mansour, E., Mazloum, R., & Abdelfatah, S. (2026). Triangular Model and Two of Its Variants Under Stratified Sampling . Thailand Statistician, 24(4), 1027–1041. retrieved from https://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/thaistat/article/view/268385

Issue

Section

Articles