A A Fully Balanced Bandpass Filter and Its Application
Main Article Content
Abstract
This article discusses the design of a fully balanced bandpass filter and its application. The first circuit is a fully balanced bandpass filter composed of six NPN transistors and two pairs of capacitors and resistors. This fully balanced topology inherently offers good common-mode rejection and utilizes current tuning for frequency control. The pole frequency can be changed by tuning the bias current. This circuit design is relatively simple and compact. However, it does exhibit a temperature sensitivity flaw that affects both the pole frequency and the overall harmonic distortion, which is relatively high. The high sensitivity is primarily due to the temperature dependence of the transistor's transconductance. Therefore, the second circuit redesign is an improvement to rectify the drawbacks of the first circuit using the CAPRIO technique, aimed at reducing overall harmonic distortion and reducing the impact of temperature on the transistor characteristics. This circuit consists of four NPN transistors, three resistors, and two capacitors. The core improvement involves replacing the temperature-sensitive active emitter resistance (re) with stable passive resistors, thereby fixing the pole frequency's dependence on temperature. This use of the CAPRIO method allows the circuit to achieve better linearity and temperature stability. Although the pole frequency adjustment of this circuit changes through modifications in the resistor and capacitor values, sacrificing electronic tuning for enhanced stability, the outcomes of the second circuit significantly enhance performance: Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is reduced tenfold (from 1.12% to 0.11%), and the pole frequency exhibits negligible temperature drift (741.31 kHz across 0°C to 100 °C) compared to the first circuit. reduce the temperature sensitivity of the pole frequency and reduce the overall harmonic distortion of the signal. Finally, there is an application for utilizing the bandpass filter as a component of an oscillator circuit. The result achieved is the capability to create sinusoidal oscillators using the proposed circuit.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
- Creative Commons Copyright License
The journal allows readers to download and share all published articles as long as they properly cite such articles; however, they cannot change them or use them commercially. This is classified as CC BY-NC-ND for the creative commons license.
- Retention of Copyright and Publishing Rights
The journal allows the authors of the published articles to hold copyrights and publishing rights without restrictions.
References
W. Jaikla, F. Khateb, M. Kumngern, T. Kulej, R. K. Ranjan, and P. Suwanjan, "0.5 V fully differential universal filter based on multiple input OTAs," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 187832–187839, Oct. 2020.
W. Jaikla and M. Siripruchyanun, "A systematic design of electronically tunable ladder filters employing DO-OTAs," in Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Electr. Eng./Electron. Comput., Telecommun. Inf. Technol. (ECTI-CON), 2007, pp. 61–64.
S. Kund, B. P. De, R. Kar, D. Mandal, and B. Appasani, “Optimal Design of State Variable Filter using Partition-bound Particle Swarm Optimization,” ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications, vol. 22, no. 3, Oct. 2024.
A. Lahiri and T. K. Rawat, “Noise analysis of single stage fractional-order low-pass filter using stochastic and fractional Calculus,” ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 47–54, Sep. 2008.
A. Ü. Keskin, "Voltage-mode high-Q band-pass filters and oscillators employing single CDBA and minimum number of components," Int. J. Electron., vol. 92, no. 8, pp. 479–487, 2005.
A. Toker, S. Ozoguz, O. Cicekoglu, and C. Acar, "Current-mode all-pass filters using current differencing buffered amplifier and a new high-Q bandpass filter configuration," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II: Analog Digit. Signal Process., vol. 47, no. 9, pp. 949–954, 2000.
M. Higashimura, "Current-mode lowpass and bandpass filters using the operational amplifier pole," Int. J. Electron., vol. 74, no. 6, pp. 945–949, 1993.
S. Rana, K. D. Sharma, and K. Pal, "A high Q band pass filter using two operational amplifiers," J. Phys. Sci., vol. 11, pp. 133–138, 2007.
A. Thanachayanont, "Low-voltage low-power high-Q CMOS RF bandpass filter," Electron. Lett., vol. 38, no. 13, p. 1, 2002. (รวมรายการเดิม [9] และ [11] เข้าด้วยกัน)
D. L. Hiser and R. L. Geiger, "Impact of OTA nonlinearities on the performance of continuous-time OTA-C bandpass filters," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst., 1990, pp. 1167–1170.
K. R. Rao and S. Srinivasan, "A bandpass filter using the operational amplifier pole," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 245–246, 1973.
A. Fabre, O. Saaid, F. Wiest, and C. Boucheron, "High-frequency high-Q BiCMOS current-mode bandpass filter and mobile communication application," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 614–625, 1998.
S. Ozoguz, N. Tarim, and A. Zeki, "Realization of high-Q bandpass filters using CCCIIs," in Proc. 44th IEEE Midwest Symp. Circuits Syst., vol. 1, 2001, pp. 134–137.
M. Kumngern, "Electronically tunable current-mode all-pass filter-based high-Q bandpass filter using minimum elements," in TENCON 2009–2009 IEEE Region 10 Conf., 2009, pp. 1–4.
A. Toker, E. Gune, and S. Ozoguz, "New high-Q band-pass filter configuration using current controlled current conveyor based all-pass filters," in Proc. ICECS 2001 8th IEEE Int. Conf. Electron., Circuits Syst., vol. 1, 2001, pp. 165–168.
J. Jerabek, J. Koton, R. Sotner, and K. Vrba, "Adjustable band-pass filter with current active elements: two fully-differential and single-ended solutions," Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process., vol. 74, pp. 129–139, 2013.
M. Koksal and M. Sagbas, "Second order band-pass filter design using single CC-CDBA," Circuits Syst. Signal Process., vol. 27, pp. 461–474, 2008.
Y. Wu, X. Ding, M. Ismail, and H. Olsson, "RF bandpass filter design based on CMOS active inductors," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II: Analog Digit. Signal Process., vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 942–949, 2003.
T. Wongmeekaew and W. Sa-ngiamvibool, "A fully-balanced current-tunable integrator with CAPRIO," Parameters, vol. 2, no. 33, pp. 136–139, 2016.
S. Roungrid, C. Khwunnak, and S. Lertkonsarn, "The design of a fully balanced current–tunable active RC integrator," EUREKA: Phys. Eng., vol. 3, pp. 80–89, 2023.
S. Lertkonsarn and W. Sa-ngiamvibool, "The development a fully-balanced current-tunable first-order low-pass filter with Caprio technique," EUREKA: Phys. Eng., vol. 5, pp. 99–106, 2022.
I. Seedadan, W. Surakumpontorn, and B. Srisuchinwong, "A fully balanced wide-frequency current-tunable phase-lead all-pass filter," 2001, pp. 31–41.
J. Obma, A. Jantakun, W. Sa-ngiamvibool, and A. Suksawad, "A fully balanced first order high-pass filter," EUREKA: Phys. Eng., vol. 4, pp. 63–76, 2023.
H. Alzaher and M. Ismail, “A CMOS fully balanced differential difference amplifier and its applications,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 614–620, Jun. 2001, doi: 10.1109/82.943332.
Hee-Tae Ahn and D. J. Allstot, “A 0.5-8.5 GHz fully-differential CMOS RF distributed amplifier,” 2000 Southwest Symposium on Mixed-Signal Design (Cat. No.00EX390), pp. 109–112, doi: 10.1109/ssmsd.2000.836456.
M. Banu, J. M. Khoury, and Y. Tsividis, “Fully differential operational amplifiers with accurate output balancing,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1410–1414, 1988, doi: 10.1109/4.90039.
A. Jantakun, N. Pisutthipong, and M. Siripruchyanun, “A synthesis of temperature insensitive/electronically controllable floating simulators based on DV-CCTAs,” 2009 6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology, pp. 560–563, May 2009, doi: 10.1109/ecticon.2009.5137069.
A. Jantakun, N. Pisutthipong, and M. Siripruchyanun, "Single element based-novel temperature insensitive/electronically controllable floating capacitance multiplier and its application," in Proc. ECTI-CON2010: The 2010 ECTI Int. Conf. on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology, IEEE, 2010.
Reiham. Ibrahim, S. Abd El-Azeem, S. El-Ghanam, and F. Soliman, “Temperature Effects on the Electrical Characteristics of BJTs and MOSFETs,” Journal of Scientific Research in Science, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 100–112, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.21608/jsrs.2019.30999.
W. Jaikla and M. Siripruchyanan, “An Electronically Controllable Capacitance Multiplier with Temperature Compensation,” 2006 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, pp. 356–359, Oct. 2006, doi: 10.1109/iscit.2006.340064.
Hamida. Djelti, Mohamed. Feham, Achour. Ouslimani, and A.-Elhak. Kasbari, “Two dimensional numerical simulation of temperature dependency of MOSFET out-put characteristics,” 2008 Global Symposium on Millimeter Waves, pp. 340–343, Apr. 2008, doi: 10.1109/gsmm.2008.4534640.
P. Silapan, C. Tanaphatsiri, and M. Siripruchyanun, “Current Controlled CCTA Based- Novel Grounded Capacitance Multiplier with Temperature Compensation,” APCCAS 2008 - 2008 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, pp. 1490–1493, Nov. 2008, doi: 10.1109/apccas.2008.4746314.
Jaikla, Winai, and Montree Siripruchyanun. "New low temperature-sensitive and electronically controllable configurations for the measurement of small resistance changes." Proceedings of the international technical conference on circuits/systems, computers, and communications (ITCCSCC 2006), Chiang Mai, Thailand. Vol. 3. 2006.
M. Siripruchyanun, M. Phattanasak, and W. Jaikla, "Temperature-insensitive, current conveyor-based floating simulator topology," in Proc. 2007 Int. Symp. on Integrated Circuits, IEEE, 2007.
