Assessing Coral Reef Resilience to Climate Change in Thailand
Keywords:
coral bleaching, recruitment, resilience, assessment, ThailandAbstract
Major coral bleaching phenomena have resulted in widespread coral mortality in recent decades. The assessment of coral reef resilience to climate change is an important task but has been difficult to carry out because of a lack of empirical scientific data. Coral reef resilience at twenty study sites in Thai waters was quantitatively assessed, approximately two years following the 2010 severe bleaching event, based on the percentage of non-bleached coral colony, the percentage of surviving coral colonies and the density of juvenile corals. Coral reef resilience varied greatly among the study sites and major reef groups according to their community structure, largely due to the differing bleaching resistance and tolerance of the dominant coral species. Most study sites in the Gulf of Thailand had much lower coral recruitment rates compared to other reef sites in Thai waters. The study sites in the inner Gulf of Thailand had the highest resilience while the study sites in the Andaman Sea had the lowest
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Brown B, (1997) Coral bleaching: causes and consequences. Coral Reefs 16: 129 – 138.
Buglass S, Donner SD, Alemu I JB, (2016) A study on the recovery of Tobago's coral reefs following the 2010 mass bleaching event. Marine Pollution Bulletin 104: 198 – 206.
Burke L, Reytar K, Spalding M, Perry A (2011) Reefs at Risk Revisited. World Resources Institute. Washington DC, 114 pp.
De’ath G, Fabricius K (2010) Water quality as a regional driver of coral biodiversity and macroalgae on the Great Barrier Reef. Ecological Applications 20: 840 – 850.
Depczynski M, Gilmour JP, Ridgway T, Barnes H, Heyward AJ, Holmes TH, Moore JA, Radford YBT, Thomson DP, Tinkler P, Wilson SK (2012) Bleaching, coral mortality and subsequent survivorship on a West Australian fringing reef. Coral Reefs 32: 233 – 238.
Dikou A, van Woesik R (2006) Survival under chronic stress from sediment load: spatial patterns of hard coral communities in the southern islands of Singapore. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52: 7 – 21.
Ferrigno F, Bianchi CN, Lasagna R, Morri C, Russo GF, Sandulli R (2016) Corals in high diversity reefs resist human impact,” Ecological Indicator 70: 106 – 113.
Green EP, Bruckner AW (2000) The significance of coral disease epizootiology for coral reef conservation. Biological Conservation 96: 347 – 361.
Glynn P (1993) Coral reef bleaching: ecological perspectives. Coral Reefs 12: 1 – 17.
Erftemeijer PLA, Riegl B, Hoeksema BW, Todd PA (2012) Environmental impacts of dredging and other sediment disturbances on corals: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 64: 1737 – 1765.
Halpern BS, Selkoe KS, White C, Albert S, Aswani A, Lauer M (2012). Marine protected areas and resilience to sedimentation in the Solomon Islands. Coral Reefs 32: 61 – 69.
Hill R, Larkum AWD, Prasil O, Kramerm, DM, Szabo M, Kumar V, Ralph PJ (2012) Light-induced dissociation of antenna complexes in the symbionts of scleractinian corals correlates with sensitivity to coral bleaching. Coral Reefs 31: 963 – 975.
Holling CS (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 4: 1 – 23.
Hughes TP, Bellwood DR, Folke C, Steneck RS, Wilson J (2005) New paradigms for supporting the resilience of marine ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20: 380 – 386.
Klinthong W, Yeemin T (2010) Changes in tissue discoloration of the reef-building coral Porites lutea in the Gulf of Thailand. In: Proceedings of 36th Congress on Science and Technology of Thailand. 4 pp.
Ledlie MH, Graham NAJ, Bythell JC, Wilson SK, Jennings S, Polunin NVC, Hardcastle J (2007) Phase shifts and the role of herbivory in the resilience of coral reefs. Coral Reefs 26: 641 – 653.
Lesser MP (2004) Experimental biology of coral reef ecosystems. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 300: 217 – 252.
Lesser MP, Bythell JC, Gates RD, Johnstone RW, Hoegh-Guldberg O (2007) Are infectious diseases really killing corals? Alternative interpretations of the experimental and ecological data. Journal of Experimental Biology and Ecology 346: 36 – 44.
Marshall P, Schuttenberg H (2006) A reef manager’s guide to coral bleaching. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Australia.
Maynard JA, Marshall PA, Johnson JE, Harman S (2010) Building resilience into practical conservation: identifying local management responses to global climate change in the southern Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 29: 381 – 391.
McClanahan TR (2000) Bleaching damage and recovery potential of Maldivian coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40: 587 – 597.
McClanahan TR, Ateweberhan M, Omukoto J (2008) Long-term changes in coral colony size distributions on Kenyan reefs under different management regimes and across the 1998 bleaching event. Marine Biology 153: 755 – 768.
McClanahan T, Polunin N, Done T (2002) Ecological states and the resilience of coral reefs. Conservation Ecology 6: 18.
McClanahan TR, Donner SD, Maynard JA, MacNeil MA, Graham NAJ, Maina J, Baker AC, Alemu JB, Beger IM, Campbell SJ, Darling ES, Eakin CM, Heron SF, Jupiter SD, Lundquist CJ, McLeod E, Mumby PJ, Paddack MJ, Selig ER, van Woesik R (2012) Prioritizing key resilience indicators to support coral reef management in a changing climate. PLoS ONE 7: e42884. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042884.
Miller MW, Willoams DE (2007) Coral disease outbreak at Navasa, a remote Caribbean island. Coral Reefs 26: 97 – 101.
Montano S, Seveso D, Galli P, Obura DO (2010) Assessing coral bleaching and recovery with the colour reference card in Watamu Marine Park, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 655: 99 – 108.
Mora C, Graham NAJ, Nyström M (2016) Ecological limitations to the resilience of coral reefs. Coral Reefs 35: 1271 – 1280.
Mumby PJ, Bejarano S, Golbuu Y, Steneck RS, Arnold SN, van Woesik R, Friedlander AM (2013) Empirical relationships among resilience indicators on Micronesian reefs. Coral Reefs 32: 213 – 226.
Obura D (2005) Resilience and climate change: lessons from coral reefs and bleaching in the Western Indian Ocean. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 63: 353 – 372.
Obura D, Grimsditch G (2009) Resilience assessment of coral reefs-assessment protocol for coral reefs, focusing on coral bleaching and thermal stress. IUCN working group on Climate Change and Coral Reefs. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 70 pp.
Pengsakun S, Yeemin T (2010) Quantification of change in the pink spot syndrome in Porites lutea at Koh Khang Khao, inner Gulf of Thailand. Proceedings of 36th Congress on Science and Technology of Thailand. 4 pp.
Pengsakun S, Yeemin T (2011) Validation of NOAA hotspots model for coral bleaching prediction in the Gulf of Thailand. Proceedings of Ramkhamhaeng University International Research Conference: pp 13 – 14.
Richardson LL (1998) Coral diseases: what is really known? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13: 438 – 443.
Roff G, Mumby PJ (2012) Global disparity in the resilience of coral reefs. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 27: 404 – 413.
Roger CS, Muller EM (2012) Bleaching, disease and recovery in the threatened scleractinaian coral Acropora palmata in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands: 2003-2010. Coral Reefs 31: 807 – 819.
Roth MS, Knowlton N (2009) Distribution, abundance, and microhabitat characterization of small juvenile coral at Palmyra Atoll. Marine Ecology Progress Series 376: 133 – 142.
Samsuvan W, Yeemin T (2012) Tourist perception of coral bleaching in the Andaman Sea. Proceedings of 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia. 4 pp.
Sarkar S, Ghosh AK (2013) Coral bleaching a nemesis for the Andaman reefs: Building an improved conservation paradigm. Ocean & Coastal Management 71: 153 – 162.
Swain TD, DuBois E, Goldberg SJ, Backman V, Marcelino LA (2017) Bleaching response of coral species in the context of assemblage response. Coral Reefs 36: 395 – 400.
Smith LD, Gilmour JP, Heyward AJ (2008) Resilience of coral communities on an isolated system of reefs following catastrophic mass-bleaching. Coral Reefs 27:197 – 205.
Shlesinger T, Loya Y (2016) Recruitment, mortality, and resilience potential of scleractinian
corals at Eilat, Red Sea. Coral Reefs 35: 1357–1368.
Sutherland KP, Porter JW, Thomas BJ, Looney EE, Luna TP, Meyers MK, Futch JC, Lipp EK (2010) Human sewage identified as likely source of white pox disease of the threatened Caribbean elkhorn coral Acropora palmata. Environmental Microbiology 12: 1122 – 1131.
Tkachenko KS (2017) Coral reefs in the face of ecological threats of the 21st Century. Biology Bulletin Reviews 7 (1): 64 – 83.
van Woesik R, Irikawa A, Anzai R, Nakamura T (2012) Effects of coral colony morphologies on mass transfer and susceptibility to thermal stress. Coral Reefs 31: 633 – 639.
Vollmer SV, Kline DI (2008) Natural disease resistance in threatened staghorn corals. PLoS ONE 3: e3718. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003718.
Xu L, Marinova D (2013) Resilience thinking: a bibliometric analysis of socio-ecological research. Scientometrics 96: 911 – 927.
Yeemin T, Saenghaisuk C, Sutthacheep M, Pengsakun S, Klinthong, W, Saengmanee K (2009) Conditions of coral communities in the Gulf of Thailand: a decade after the 1998 severe bleaching event. Galaxea 11: 207 – 217.
Yeemin T, Mantachitra V, Plathong S, Nuclear P, Klinthong W, Sutthacheep M (2012a) Impacts of coral bleaching, recovery and management in Thailand. Proceedings of 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia. 5 pp.
Yeemin T, Pengsakun S, Yucharoen M, Klinthong W, Sangmanee K, Sutthacheep M (2013) Long-term decline in Acropora species at Kut Island, Thailand, in relation to coral bleaching events. Marine Biodiversity 43: 23 – 29.
Yeemin T, Saenghaisuk C, Yucharoen M, Klinthong W, Sutthacheep M (2012b) Impact of the 2010 coral bleaching event on survival of juvenile coral colonies in the Similan Islands, on the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin 70: 93 – 102.
Yeemin T, Saenghaisuk C, Pengsakun S, Klinthong W, Sangmanee K, Yucharoen M, Donsomjit W, Saengsawang L, Nuclear P, Sutthacheep M (2010) Status of coral reefs in Thailand following the 2010 coral bleaching event. In Kimura T, Tun K (eds), Status of coral reefs in East Asian Seas Region: 2010. Ministry of the Environment. Tokyo, Japan. pp. 29 – 49.
Yeemin T, Sutthacheep M, Pettongma R (2006) Coral reef restoration project in Thailand. Ocean and Coastal Management 49: 562 – 575.
Yucharoen M, Yeemin T (2012) Effects of coral bleaching and recovery potential of coral reefs at Mu Koh Surin, the Andaman Sea. Proceedings of 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia. 5 pp.
Yucharoen M, Yeemin T, Casareto BE, Suzuki Y, Samsuvan W, Sangmanee K, Klinthong W, Pengsakun S, Sutthacheep M (2015) Abundance, composition and growth rate of coral recruits on dead corals following the 2010 bleaching event at Mu Ko Surin, the Andaman Sea. Ocean Science Journal 50(2): 307 – 315.
Bachtiar I, Damar A, Suharsono, Zamani NP (2012) Assessing ecological resilience of Indonesian coral reefs. Journal of Coastal Development 14: 214 – 222.
Baker AC, Glynn PW, Riegl B (2008) Climate change and coral reef bleaching: an ecological assessment of long-term impacts, recovery trends and future outlooks. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 80: 435 – 471.
Bellwood DR, Hughes TP, Folke C, Nystrom M (2004) Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature 429: 827 – 833.
Berumen ML, Pratchett MS (2006) Recovery without resilience: persistent disturbance and long-term shifts in the structure of fish and coral communities at Tiahura Reef, Moorea. Coral Reefs 25: 647 –653.
Brown B, (1997) Coral bleaching: causes and consequences. Coral Reefs 16: 129 – 138.
Buglass S, Donner SD, Alemu I JB, (2016) A study on the recovery of Tobago's coral reefs following the 2010 mass bleaching event. Marine Pollution Bulletin 104: 198 – 206.
Burke L, Reytar K, Spalding M, Perry A (2011) Reefs at Risk Revisited. World Resources Institute. Washington DC, 114 pp.
De’ath G, Fabricius K (2010) Water quality as a regional driver of coral biodiversity and macroalgae on the Great Barrier Reef. Ecological Applications 20: 840 – 850.
Depczynski M, Gilmour JP, Ridgway T, Barnes H, Heyward AJ, Holmes TH, Moore JA, Radford YBT, Thomson DP, Tinkler P, Wilson SK (2012) Bleaching, coral mortality and subsequent survivorship on a West Australian fringing reef. Coral Reefs 32: 233 – 238.
Dikou A, van Woesik R (2006) Survival under chronic stress from sediment load: spatial patterns of hard coral communities in the southern islands of Singapore. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52: 7 – 21.
Ferrigno F, Bianchi CN, Lasagna R, Morri C, Russo GF, Sandulli R (2016) Corals in high diversity reefs resist human impact,” Ecological Indicator 70: 106 – 113.
Green EP, Bruckner AW (2000) The significance of coral disease epizootiology for coral reef conservation. Biological Conservation 96: 347 – 361.
Glynn P (1993) Coral reef bleaching: ecological perspectives. Coral Reefs 12: 1 – 17.
Erftemeijer PLA, Riegl B, Hoeksema BW, Todd PA (2012) Environmental impacts of dredging and other sediment disturbances on corals: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 64: 1737 – 1765.
Halpern BS, Selkoe KS, White C, Albert S, Aswani A, Lauer M (2012). Marine protected areas and resilience to sedimentation in the Solomon Islands. Coral Reefs 32: 61 – 69.
Hill R, Larkum AWD, Prasil O, Kramerm, DM, Szabo M, Kumar V, Ralph PJ (2012) Light-induced dissociation of antenna complexes in the symbionts of scleractinian corals correlates with sensitivity to coral bleaching. Coral Reefs 31: 963 – 975.
Holling CS (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 4: 1 – 23.
Hughes TP, Bellwood DR, Folke C, Steneck RS, Wilson J (2005) New paradigms for supporting the resilience of marine ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20: 380 – 386.
Klinthong W, Yeemin T (2010) Changes in tissue discoloration of the reef-building coral Porites lutea in the Gulf of Thailand. In: Proceedings of 36th Congress on Science and Technology of Thailand. 4 pp.
Ledlie MH, Graham NAJ, Bythell JC, Wilson SK, Jennings S, Polunin NVC, Hardcastle J (2007) Phase shifts and the role of herbivory in the resilience of coral reefs. Coral Reefs 26: 641 – 653.
Lesser MP (2004) Experimental biology of coral reef ecosystems. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 300: 217 – 252.
Lesser MP, Bythell JC, Gates RD, Johnstone RW, Hoegh-Guldberg O (2007) Are infectious diseases really killing corals? Alternative interpretations of the experimental and ecological data. Journal of Experimental Biology and Ecology 346: 36 – 44.
Marshall P, Schuttenberg H (2006) A reef manager’s guide to coral bleaching. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Australia.
Maynard JA, Marshall PA, Johnson JE, Harman S (2010) Building resilience into practical conservation: identifying local management responses to global climate change in the southern Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 29: 381 – 391.
McClanahan TR (2000) Bleaching damage and recovery potential of Maldivian coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40: 587 – 597.
McClanahan TR, Ateweberhan M, Omukoto J (2008) Long-term changes in coral colony size distributions on Kenyan reefs under different management regimes and across the 1998 bleaching event. Marine Biology 153: 755 – 768.
McClanahan T, Polunin N, Done T (2002) Ecological states and the resilience of coral reefs. Conservation Ecology 6: 18.
McClanahan TR, Donner SD, Maynard JA, MacNeil MA, Graham NAJ, Maina J, Baker AC, Alemu JB, Beger IM, Campbell SJ, Darling ES, Eakin CM, Heron SF, Jupiter SD, Lundquist CJ, McLeod E, Mumby PJ, Paddack MJ, Selig ER, van Woesik R (2012) Prioritizing key resilience indicators to support coral reef management in a changing climate. PLoS ONE 7: e42884. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042884.
Miller MW, Willoams DE (2007) Coral disease outbreak at Navasa, a remote Caribbean island. Coral Reefs 26: 97 – 101.
Montano S, Seveso D, Galli P, Obura DO (2010) Assessing coral bleaching and recovery with the colour reference card in Watamu Marine Park, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 655: 99 – 108.
Mora C, Graham NAJ, Nyström M (2016) Ecological limitations to the resilience of coral reefs. Coral Reefs 35: 1271 – 1280.
Mumby PJ, Bejarano S, Golbuu Y, Steneck RS, Arnold SN, van Woesik R, Friedlander AM (2013) Empirical relationships among resilience indicators on Micronesian reefs. Coral Reefs 32: 213 – 226.
Obura D (2005) Resilience and climate change: lessons from coral reefs and bleaching in the Western Indian Ocean. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 63: 353 – 372.
Obura D, Grimsditch G (2009) Resilience assessment of coral reefs-assessment protocol for coral reefs, focusing on coral bleaching and thermal stress. IUCN working group on Climate Change and Coral Reefs. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 70 pp.
Pengsakun S, Yeemin T (2010) Quantification of change in the pink spot syndrome in Porites lutea at Koh Khang Khao, inner Gulf of Thailand. Proceedings of 36th Congress on Science and Technology of Thailand. 4 pp.
Pengsakun S, Yeemin T (2011) Validation of NOAA hotspots model for coral bleaching prediction in the Gulf of Thailand. Proceedings of Ramkhamhaeng University International Research Conference: pp 13 – 14.
Richardson LL (1998) Coral diseases: what is really known? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13: 438 – 443.
Roff G, Mumby PJ (2012) Global disparity in the resilience of coral reefs. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 27: 404 – 413.
Roger CS, Muller EM (2012) Bleaching, disease and recovery in the threatened scleractinaian coral Acropora palmata in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands: 2003-2010. Coral Reefs 31: 807 – 819.
Roth MS, Knowlton N (2009) Distribution, abundance, and microhabitat characterization of small juvenile coral at Palmyra Atoll. Marine Ecology Progress Series 376: 133 – 142.
Samsuvan W, Yeemin T (2012) Tourist perception of coral bleaching in the Andaman Sea. Proceedings of 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia. 4 pp.
Sarkar S, Ghosh AK (2013) Coral bleaching a nemesis for the Andaman reefs: Building an improved conservation paradigm. Ocean & Coastal Management 71: 153 – 162.
Swain TD, DuBois E, Goldberg SJ, Backman V, Marcelino LA (2017) Bleaching response of coral species in the context of assemblage response. Coral Reefs 36: 395 – 400.
Smith LD, Gilmour JP, Heyward AJ (2008) Resilience of coral communities on an isolated system of reefs following catastrophic mass-bleaching. Coral Reefs 27:197 – 205.
Shlesinger T, Loya Y (2016) Recruitment, mortality, and resilience potential of scleractinian
corals at Eilat, Red Sea. Coral Reefs 35: 1357–1368.
Sutherland KP, Porter JW, Thomas BJ, Looney EE, Luna TP, Meyers MK, Futch JC, Lipp EK (2010) Human sewage identified as likely source of white pox disease of the threatened Caribbean elkhorn coral Acropora palmata. Environmental Microbiology 12: 1122 – 1131.
Tkachenko KS (2017) Coral reefs in the face of ecological threats of the 21st Century. Biology Bulletin Reviews 7 (1): 64 – 83.
van Woesik R, Irikawa A, Anzai R, Nakamura T (2012) Effects of coral colony morphologies on mass transfer and susceptibility to thermal stress. Coral Reefs 31: 633 – 639.
Vollmer SV, Kline DI (2008) Natural disease resistance in threatened staghorn corals. PLoS ONE 3: e3718. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003718.
Xu L, Marinova D (2013) Resilience thinking: a bibliometric analysis of socio-ecological research. Scientometrics 96: 911 – 927.
Yeemin T, Saenghaisuk C, Sutthacheep M, Pengsakun S, Klinthong, W, Saengmanee K (2009) Conditions of coral communities in the Gulf of Thailand: a decade after the 1998 severe bleaching event. Galaxea 11: 207 – 217.
Yeemin T, Mantachitra V, Plathong S, Nuclear P, Klinthong W, Sutthacheep M (2012a) Impacts of coral bleaching, recovery and management in Thailand. Proceedings of 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia. 5 pp.
Yeemin T, Pengsakun S, Yucharoen M, Klinthong W, Sangmanee K, Sutthacheep M (2013) Long-term decline in Acropora species at Kut Island, Thailand, in relation to coral bleaching events. Marine Biodiversity 43: 23 – 29.
Yeemin T, Saenghaisuk C, Yucharoen M, Klinthong W, Sutthacheep M (2012b) Impact of the 2010 coral bleaching event on survival of juvenile coral colonies in the Similan Islands, on the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin 70: 93 – 102.
Yeemin T, Saenghaisuk C, Pengsakun S, Klinthong W, Sangmanee K, Yucharoen M, Donsomjit W, Saengsawang L, Nuclear P, Sutthacheep M (2010) Status of coral reefs in Thailand following the 2010 coral bleaching event. In Kimura T, Tun K (eds), Status of coral reefs in East Asian Seas Region: 2010. Ministry of the Environment. Tokyo, Japan. pp. 29 – 49.
Yeemin T, Sutthacheep M, Pettongma R (2006) Coral reef restoration project in Thailand. Ocean and Coastal Management 49: 562 – 575.
Yucharoen M, Yeemin T (2012) Effects of coral bleaching and recovery potential of coral reefs at Mu Koh Surin, the Andaman Sea. Proceedings of 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia. 5 pp.
Yucharoen M, Yeemin T, Casareto BE, Suzuki Y, Samsuvan W, Sangmanee K, Klinthong W, Pengsakun S, Sutthacheep M (2015) Abundance, composition and growth rate of coral recruits on dead corals following the 2010 bleaching event at Mu Ko Surin, the Andaman Sea. Ocean Science Journal 50(2): 307 – 315.
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