First evidence of genetic connectivity of the brooder coral Pocillopora damicornis in the Gulf of Thailand
Keywords:
population genetics, Pocillopora, connectivity, microsatellite, Gulf of ThailandAbstract
Although the population genetics of corals have been intensively studied, the knowledge of population boundaries, source-sink dynamics, and highly variable population genetic structures in scleractinian corals in Thailand is considerably limited. In this study, we aim to examine population genetic patterns for the coral Pocillopora damicornis from several locations in the Gulf of Thailand. The samples were extracted and genotyped using six microsatellite loci to analyze the genetic structure of P. damicornis populations. Based on the analyses, a total of 214 complete multilocus genotypes from 241 coral fragments of P. damicornis were yielded with the mean Ho and He values for all loci across sites of 0.810±0.060 (±SD) and 0.630±0.038 (±SD), respectively. A significant difference was detected among populations (p < 0.001). The highest FST values were found between Ko Khang Khao samples (the Inner Gulf of Thailand) and Ao Thien, Ko Tao samples (the Western Gulf of Thailand), whereas the lowest value was found between Ko Thalu (northwest, the Western Gulf of Thailand) samples and Ko Klung Badan (the Inner Gulf of Thailand) samples. Principle coordinate analysis (PCA) based on FST values revealed that genetic connectivity was not associated with the geographic location and distance between sites. The results from this study are useful for further exploring the connectivity and genetic diversity of Pocillopora populations, and will also support coral reef conservation in Thailand.
References
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Adjeroud M, Guérécheau A, Vidal‑Dupiol J, Flot JF, Arnaud‑Haond S, Bonhomme F (2014) Genetic diversity, clonality and connectivity in the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis: a multi‑scale analysis in an insular, fragmented reef system. Mar Biol 161: 531–541
Ayre DJ, Hughes TP (2000) Genotypic diversity and gene flow in brooding and spawning corals along the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Evolution 54:1590–1605
Ayre DJ, Hughes TP (2004) Climate change, genotypic diversity and gene flow in reef-building corals. Ecol Lett 7:273–278
Ayre DJ, Hughes TP, Standish RJ (1997) Genetic differentiation, reproductive mode, and gene flow in the brooding coral Pocillopora damicornis along the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 159:175–187
Bell G (1982) The masterpiece of nature: the evolution and genetics of sexuality. Croon Helm, London
Benzie J, Haskell A, Lehman H (1995) Variation in the genetic composition of coral (Pocillopora damicornis and Acropora palifera) populations from different reef habitats. Mar Biol 121:731–739.
Burke L, Reytar K, Spalding M, Perry A (2011) Reefs at risk revisited. World Resources Institute. Washington DC. 114 pp
Combosch DJ, Vollmer SV (2011) Population genetics of an ecosystem-defining reef coral Pocillopora damicornis in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. PLoS ONE 6(8): e21200. doi: 10.1371/ journal. pone.0021200
Costantini F, Fauvelot C, Abbiati M (2007) Fine-scale genetic structuring in Corallium rubrum: evidence of inbreeding and limited effective larval dispersal. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 340:109–119
Cowen RK, Gawarkiewicz G, Pineda J, Thorrold SR, Werner FE (2007) Population connectivity in marine systems. Oceanography 20:14–21
Flot JF, Magalon H, Cruaud C, Couloux A, Tillier S (2008) Patterns of genetic structure among Hawaiian corals of the genus Pocillopora yield clusters of individuals that are compatible with morphology. CR Biol 331:39–247
Glynn PW (1996) Coral reef bleaching: facts, hypotheses and implications. Glob Change Biol 2:495–509
Glynn PW, Gassman NJ, Eakin CM, Cortes J, Smith DB, Guzman HM (1991) Reef coral reproduction in the eastern Pacific, Costa Rica, Panama, and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). I. Pocilloporidae. Mar Biol 109:355–368
Gorospe KD, Karl SA (2013) Genetic relatedness does not retain spatial pattern across multiple spatial scales: dispersal and colonization in the coral, Pocillopora damicornis. Mol Ecol 22 (14):3721–3736
Harrison PL, Wallace CC (1990) Reproduction, dispersal and recruitment of scleractinian corals. In “Ecosystems of the World, Vol 25, Coral Reefs” Ed by Z Dubinsky, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 133 –207
Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ, Hooten AJ, Steneck RS, Greenfield P, Gomez E, Harvell CD, Sale PF, Edwards AJ, Caldeira K, Knowlton N, Eakin CM, Iglesias-Prieto R, Muthiga N, Bradbury RH, Dubi A, Hatziolos ME (2007) Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318(5857):1737–1742
Hellberg ME (1995) Stepping−stone gene flow in the solitary coral Balanophylla elegans: equilibrium and nonequilibrium at different spatial scales. Mar Biol 123:573−581
Hellberg ME (1996) Dependence of gene flow on geographic distance in two solitary corals with different larval dispersal capabilities. Evolution 50:1167–1175
Hellberg ME (2007) Footprints on water: the genetic wake of dispersal among reefs. Coral Reefs 26:463–473
Heyward AJ, Babcock RC (1986) Self- and cross-fertilization in scleractinian corals. Mar Biol 90: 191 – 195.
Jones GP, Almany GR, Russ GR, Sale PF, Steneck RS, van Oppen MJH, Willis BL (2009) Larval retention and connectivity among populations of corals and reef fishes: history, advances and challenges. Coral Reefs 28:307–325
Magalon H, Samadi S, Richard M, Adjeroud M, Veuille M (2004) Development of coral and zooxanthella-specific microsatellites in three species of Pocillopora (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) from French Polynesia. Mol Ecol Notes 4:206–208
Marshall PA, Baird AH (2000) Bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reefs: differential susceptibilities among taxa. Coral Reefs 19 (2):155–163
McClanahan TR, Maina J, Davies J (2005) Perceptions of resource users and managers towards fisheries management options in Kenyan coral reefs. Fish Manag Ecol 12:105–112
McClanahan TR, Cinner JE, Maina J, Graham NAJ, Daw TM, Stead SM, Wamukota A, Brown K, Ateweberhan M, Venus V, Polunin NVC (2008) Conservation action in a changing climate. Conserv Lett 1 (2):53–59
McFadden CS, Aydin KY (1996) Spatial autocorrelation analysis of small-scale genetic structure in a clonal soft coral with limited larval dispersal. Mar Biol 126:215–224
Miller K (1998) Short-distance dispersal of black coral larvae: inference from spatial analysis of colony genotypes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 163:225–233
Miller K, Ayre D (2004) The role of sexual and asexual reproduction in structuring high latitude populations of the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis. Heredity 92:557–568
Miller KJ, Ayre DJ (2008) Protection of genetic diversity and maintenance of connectivity among reef corals within marine protected areas. Conserv Biol 22:1245–1254
Miller K, Mundy C (2003) Rapid settlement in broadcast spawning corals: Implications for larval dispersal. Coral Reefs 22:99–106
Nakajima Y, Nishikawa A, Iguchi A, Sakai K (2012) Regional genetic differentiation among northern high-latitude island populations of a broadcast-spawning coral. Coral Reefs 31: 1125–1133
Nishikawa A (2008) Degree and pattern of gene flow in several scleractinian corals in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Southern Japan. Pacific Science 62:413– 421
Nishikawa A, Katoh M, Sakai K (2003) Larval settlement rates and gene flow of broadcast-spawning (Acropora tenuis) and planula-brooding (Stylophora pistillata) corals. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 256:87–97
Palumbi SR (2004) Ocean neighborhoods and marine reserves. Annu Rev Environ Resour 29: 31–68
Pengsakun S (2013) The susceptibility of corals to elevated seawater temperature and low salinity at Ko Khang Khao, the Inner Gulf of Thailand. M. Sc. Thesis, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand (in Thai with English abstract).
Pengsakun S, Samsuvan W, Yucharoen M, Suanta P, Sutthacheep M, Yeemin T (2012a) Status of coral community at Hin Ang Wang: after the 2010 coral bleaching event. Proceedings of 38th Congress on Science and Technology of Thailand. 4 pp.
Pengsakun S, Sutthacheep M, Yeemin T (2012b) Comparing recruitment of Pocillopora damicornis affected by the 2010 bleaching event. In: Proceedings of 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia. 4 pp
Peakall R, Smouse PE (2006) GenAlEx6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Mol Ecol Notes 6:288–295
Pinzón JH, Reyes-Bonilla H, Baums IB, LaJeunesse TC (2012) Contrasting clonal structure among Pocillopora (Scleractinia) communities at two environmentally distinct sites in the Gulf of California. Coral Reefs 31:765–777
Richmond RH, Hunter CL (1990) Reproduction and recruitment of corals: comparisons among the Caribbean, the Tropical Pacific and the Red Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 60:185–203
Ridgway T, Riginos C, Davis J, Hoegh-Guldberg O, (2008) Genetic connectivity patterns of Pocillopora verrucosa in southern African Marine Protected Areas. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 354:161–168
Selkoe KA, Watson JR, White C, Ben Horin T, Iachhei M, Mitarai S, Siegel DA, Gaines SD, Toonen RJ (2010) Taking the chaos out of genetic patchiness: seascape genetics reveals ecological and oceanographic drivers of genetic patterns in three temperate reef species. Mol Ecol 19:708–372
Sherman CDH, Ayre DJ, Miller KJ (2006) Asexual reproduction does not produce clonal populations of the brooding coral Pocillopora damicornis on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs 25: 7 – 18.
Souter P, Henriksson O, Olsson N, Grahn M (2009) Patterns of genetic structuring in the coral Pocillopora damicornis on reefs in East Africa. BMC Ecology 9:19
Starger CJ, Yeoh SSR, Dai CF, Baker AC, DeSalle R (2008) Ten polymorphic STR loci in the cosmopolitan reef coral Pocillopora damicornis. Mol Ecol Resour 8:619–621
Stoddart JA (1983) Asexual production of planulae in the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Mar Biol 76:279–284
Stoddart J (1984) Genetic differentiation amongst populations of the coral Pocillopora damicornis off Southwest Australia. Coral Reefs 3:149–156
Stoddart JA, Black R (1985) Cycles of gametogenesis and planulation in the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 23:153–164
Underwood JN, Smith LD, van Oppen MJH, Gilmour JP (2007) Multiple scales of genetic connectivity in a brooding coral on isolated reefs following catastrophic bleaching. Mol Ecol 16:771–784
Underwood JN, Smith LD, van Oppen MJH, Gilmour JP (2009) Ecologically relevant dispersal of corals on isolated reefs: implications for managing resilience. Ecol Appl 19:18–29
van Oppen MJH, Gates RD (2006) Understanding the resilience of reef corals: the roles of molecular biology and genetics. Mol Ecol 15:3863– 3883
Veron JEN (2000) Corals of the world. The Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville
Ward S (1992) Evidence for broadcast spawning as well as brooding in the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis. Mar Biol 112:641–646
Wattayakorn G (2006) Environmental issues in the Gulf of Thailand. In Wolanski, E. (ed.), The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours. Springer, the Netherlands, pp. 249–259
Whitaker K (2006) Genetic evidence for mixed modes of reproduction in the coral Pocillopora damicornis and its effect on population structure. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 306:115–124
Wilkinson C (2004) Status of coral reefs of the world: 2004 vol. 1. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville
Willis BL, Babcock RC, Harrison PL, Wallace CC (1997) Experimental hybridization and breeding incompatibilities within the mating systems of mass spawning reef corals. Coral Reefs 16:S53 –S65
Yeemin T, Sutthacheep M, Pettongma R (2006) Coral reef restoration projects in Thailand. Ocean Coast Manag 49:562–575
Yeemin T, Ruengsawang N, Buaruang J, Nopchinwong P, Asa S, Panthewee W (1998) Coral bleaching in the Gulf of Thailand: a significant natural disturbance. Proceedings of the 24th congress on science and technology of Thailand: Bangkok, Thailand. pp. 698 – 699.
Yeemin T, Saenghaisuk C, Sittiporn P, Klinthong W, Sangmanee K, Yucharoen M, Donsomjit W, Saengsawang L, Nuclear P, Sutthacheep M (2010) Status of coral reefs in Thailand following the 2010 coral bleaching event. Kimura, T., Tun, K. (eds) Status of Coral Reefs in East Asian Seas Region: 2010. Ministry of the Environment, Japan, pp. 29–49
Yeoh SR, Dai CF (2010) The production of sexual and asexual larvae within single broods of the scleractinian coral, Pocillopora damicornis. Mar Biol 157:351–359
Adjeroud M, Guérécheau A, Vidal‑Dupiol J, Flot JF, Arnaud‑Haond S, Bonhomme F (2014) Genetic diversity, clonality and connectivity in the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis: a multi‑scale analysis in an insular, fragmented reef system. Mar Biol 161: 531–541
Ayre DJ, Hughes TP (2000) Genotypic diversity and gene flow in brooding and spawning corals along the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Evolution 54:1590–1605
Ayre DJ, Hughes TP (2004) Climate change, genotypic diversity and gene flow in reef-building corals. Ecol Lett 7:273–278
Ayre DJ, Hughes TP, Standish RJ (1997) Genetic differentiation, reproductive mode, and gene flow in the brooding coral Pocillopora damicornis along the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 159:175–187
Bell G (1982) The masterpiece of nature: the evolution and genetics of sexuality. Croon Helm, London
Benzie J, Haskell A, Lehman H (1995) Variation in the genetic composition of coral (Pocillopora damicornis and Acropora palifera) populations from different reef habitats. Mar Biol 121:731–739.
Burke L, Reytar K, Spalding M, Perry A (2011) Reefs at risk revisited. World Resources Institute. Washington DC. 114 pp
Combosch DJ, Vollmer SV (2011) Population genetics of an ecosystem-defining reef coral Pocillopora damicornis in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. PLoS ONE 6(8): e21200. doi: 10.1371/ journal. pone.0021200
Costantini F, Fauvelot C, Abbiati M (2007) Fine-scale genetic structuring in Corallium rubrum: evidence of inbreeding and limited effective larval dispersal. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 340:109–119
Cowen RK, Gawarkiewicz G, Pineda J, Thorrold SR, Werner FE (2007) Population connectivity in marine systems. Oceanography 20:14–21
Flot JF, Magalon H, Cruaud C, Couloux A, Tillier S (2008) Patterns of genetic structure among Hawaiian corals of the genus Pocillopora yield clusters of individuals that are compatible with morphology. CR Biol 331:39–247
Glynn PW (1996) Coral reef bleaching: facts, hypotheses and implications. Glob Change Biol 2:495–509
Glynn PW, Gassman NJ, Eakin CM, Cortes J, Smith DB, Guzman HM (1991) Reef coral reproduction in the eastern Pacific, Costa Rica, Panama, and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). I. Pocilloporidae. Mar Biol 109:355–368
Gorospe KD, Karl SA (2013) Genetic relatedness does not retain spatial pattern across multiple spatial scales: dispersal and colonization in the coral, Pocillopora damicornis. Mol Ecol 22 (14):3721–3736
Harrison PL, Wallace CC (1990) Reproduction, dispersal and recruitment of scleractinian corals. In “Ecosystems of the World, Vol 25, Coral Reefs” Ed by Z Dubinsky, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 133 –207
Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ, Hooten AJ, Steneck RS, Greenfield P, Gomez E, Harvell CD, Sale PF, Edwards AJ, Caldeira K, Knowlton N, Eakin CM, Iglesias-Prieto R, Muthiga N, Bradbury RH, Dubi A, Hatziolos ME (2007) Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318(5857):1737–1742
Hellberg ME (1995) Stepping−stone gene flow in the solitary coral Balanophylla elegans: equilibrium and nonequilibrium at different spatial scales. Mar Biol 123:573−581
Hellberg ME (1996) Dependence of gene flow on geographic distance in two solitary corals with different larval dispersal capabilities. Evolution 50:1167–1175
Hellberg ME (2007) Footprints on water: the genetic wake of dispersal among reefs. Coral Reefs 26:463–473
Heyward AJ, Babcock RC (1986) Self- and cross-fertilization in scleractinian corals. Mar Biol 90: 191 – 195.
Jones GP, Almany GR, Russ GR, Sale PF, Steneck RS, van Oppen MJH, Willis BL (2009) Larval retention and connectivity among populations of corals and reef fishes: history, advances and challenges. Coral Reefs 28:307–325
Magalon H, Samadi S, Richard M, Adjeroud M, Veuille M (2004) Development of coral and zooxanthella-specific microsatellites in three species of Pocillopora (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) from French Polynesia. Mol Ecol Notes 4:206–208
Marshall PA, Baird AH (2000) Bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reefs: differential susceptibilities among taxa. Coral Reefs 19 (2):155–163
McClanahan TR, Maina J, Davies J (2005) Perceptions of resource users and managers towards fisheries management options in Kenyan coral reefs. Fish Manag Ecol 12:105–112
McClanahan TR, Cinner JE, Maina J, Graham NAJ, Daw TM, Stead SM, Wamukota A, Brown K, Ateweberhan M, Venus V, Polunin NVC (2008) Conservation action in a changing climate. Conserv Lett 1 (2):53–59
McFadden CS, Aydin KY (1996) Spatial autocorrelation analysis of small-scale genetic structure in a clonal soft coral with limited larval dispersal. Mar Biol 126:215–224
Miller K (1998) Short-distance dispersal of black coral larvae: inference from spatial analysis of colony genotypes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 163:225–233
Miller K, Ayre D (2004) The role of sexual and asexual reproduction in structuring high latitude populations of the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis. Heredity 92:557–568
Miller KJ, Ayre DJ (2008) Protection of genetic diversity and maintenance of connectivity among reef corals within marine protected areas. Conserv Biol 22:1245–1254
Miller K, Mundy C (2003) Rapid settlement in broadcast spawning corals: Implications for larval dispersal. Coral Reefs 22:99–106
Nakajima Y, Nishikawa A, Iguchi A, Sakai K (2012) Regional genetic differentiation among northern high-latitude island populations of a broadcast-spawning coral. Coral Reefs 31: 1125–1133
Nishikawa A (2008) Degree and pattern of gene flow in several scleractinian corals in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Southern Japan. Pacific Science 62:413– 421
Nishikawa A, Katoh M, Sakai K (2003) Larval settlement rates and gene flow of broadcast-spawning (Acropora tenuis) and planula-brooding (Stylophora pistillata) corals. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 256:87–97
Palumbi SR (2004) Ocean neighborhoods and marine reserves. Annu Rev Environ Resour 29: 31–68
Pengsakun S (2013) The susceptibility of corals to elevated seawater temperature and low salinity at Ko Khang Khao, the Inner Gulf of Thailand. M. Sc. Thesis, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand (in Thai with English abstract).
Pengsakun S, Samsuvan W, Yucharoen M, Suanta P, Sutthacheep M, Yeemin T (2012a) Status of coral community at Hin Ang Wang: after the 2010 coral bleaching event. Proceedings of 38th Congress on Science and Technology of Thailand. 4 pp.
Pengsakun S, Sutthacheep M, Yeemin T (2012b) Comparing recruitment of Pocillopora damicornis affected by the 2010 bleaching event. In: Proceedings of 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia. 4 pp
Peakall R, Smouse PE (2006) GenAlEx6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Mol Ecol Notes 6:288–295
Pinzón JH, Reyes-Bonilla H, Baums IB, LaJeunesse TC (2012) Contrasting clonal structure among Pocillopora (Scleractinia) communities at two environmentally distinct sites in the Gulf of California. Coral Reefs 31:765–777
Richmond RH, Hunter CL (1990) Reproduction and recruitment of corals: comparisons among the Caribbean, the Tropical Pacific and the Red Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 60:185–203
Ridgway T, Riginos C, Davis J, Hoegh-Guldberg O, (2008) Genetic connectivity patterns of Pocillopora verrucosa in southern African Marine Protected Areas. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 354:161–168
Selkoe KA, Watson JR, White C, Ben Horin T, Iachhei M, Mitarai S, Siegel DA, Gaines SD, Toonen RJ (2010) Taking the chaos out of genetic patchiness: seascape genetics reveals ecological and oceanographic drivers of genetic patterns in three temperate reef species. Mol Ecol 19:708–372
Sherman CDH, Ayre DJ, Miller KJ (2006) Asexual reproduction does not produce clonal populations of the brooding coral Pocillopora damicornis on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs 25: 7 – 18.
Souter P, Henriksson O, Olsson N, Grahn M (2009) Patterns of genetic structuring in the coral Pocillopora damicornis on reefs in East Africa. BMC Ecology 9:19
Starger CJ, Yeoh SSR, Dai CF, Baker AC, DeSalle R (2008) Ten polymorphic STR loci in the cosmopolitan reef coral Pocillopora damicornis. Mol Ecol Resour 8:619–621
Stoddart JA (1983) Asexual production of planulae in the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Mar Biol 76:279–284
Stoddart J (1984) Genetic differentiation amongst populations of the coral Pocillopora damicornis off Southwest Australia. Coral Reefs 3:149–156
Stoddart JA, Black R (1985) Cycles of gametogenesis and planulation in the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 23:153–164
Underwood JN, Smith LD, van Oppen MJH, Gilmour JP (2007) Multiple scales of genetic connectivity in a brooding coral on isolated reefs following catastrophic bleaching. Mol Ecol 16:771–784
Underwood JN, Smith LD, van Oppen MJH, Gilmour JP (2009) Ecologically relevant dispersal of corals on isolated reefs: implications for managing resilience. Ecol Appl 19:18–29
van Oppen MJH, Gates RD (2006) Understanding the resilience of reef corals: the roles of molecular biology and genetics. Mol Ecol 15:3863– 3883
Veron JEN (2000) Corals of the world. The Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville
Ward S (1992) Evidence for broadcast spawning as well as brooding in the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis. Mar Biol 112:641–646
Wattayakorn G (2006) Environmental issues in the Gulf of Thailand. In Wolanski, E. (ed.), The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours. Springer, the Netherlands, pp. 249–259
Whitaker K (2006) Genetic evidence for mixed modes of reproduction in the coral Pocillopora damicornis and its effect on population structure. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 306:115–124
Wilkinson C (2004) Status of coral reefs of the world: 2004 vol. 1. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville
Willis BL, Babcock RC, Harrison PL, Wallace CC (1997) Experimental hybridization and breeding incompatibilities within the mating systems of mass spawning reef corals. Coral Reefs 16:S53 –S65
Yeemin T, Sutthacheep M, Pettongma R (2006) Coral reef restoration projects in Thailand. Ocean Coast Manag 49:562–575
Yeemin T, Ruengsawang N, Buaruang J, Nopchinwong P, Asa S, Panthewee W (1998) Coral bleaching in the Gulf of Thailand: a significant natural disturbance. Proceedings of the 24th congress on science and technology of Thailand: Bangkok, Thailand. pp. 698 – 699.
Yeemin T, Saenghaisuk C, Sittiporn P, Klinthong W, Sangmanee K, Yucharoen M, Donsomjit W, Saengsawang L, Nuclear P, Sutthacheep M (2010) Status of coral reefs in Thailand following the 2010 coral bleaching event. Kimura, T., Tun, K. (eds) Status of Coral Reefs in East Asian Seas Region: 2010. Ministry of the Environment, Japan, pp. 29–49
Yeoh SR, Dai CF (2010) The production of sexual and asexual larvae within single broods of the scleractinian coral, Pocillopora damicornis. Mar Biol 157:351–359
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