Chemical Content of Sidempuan Salacca (Salacca sumatrana) Vinegar and Its Potential as an Antihypercholesterolemia: an in Vitro Assessment
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
摘要
Sidempuan salacca (Salacca sumatrana Becc.) is a snakefruit native to Padangsidempuan, South Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia, known for its sweet-sour taste. Its sourness reduces market appeal and causes economic losses for farmers, while its perishable nature limits shelf life. To enhance its marketability, processing it into vinegar offers a promising alternative, as salacca vinegar has greater functional potential than apple vinegar. This study aimed to identify the chemical composition of Sidempuan salacca vinegar using GC-MS analysis and evaluate its antihypercholesterolemic potential. GC-MS results revealed five dominant bioactive compounds: oleic acid, DI-(9-octadecenoyl)-glycerol 2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediyl ester, borane, 9-octadecenal, and 9-octadecenoic acid (Z). An in vitro cholesterol-lowering assay using the Liebermann–Burchard method and spectrophotometry showed that the vinegar effectively reduced cholesterol, with an LC50 value of 142.232 ppm. In conclusion, Sidempuan salacca vinegar contains active compounds with antioxidant and anti-cholesterol properties, demonstrating potential as a natural functional product for managing cholesterol levels.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
参考
Afra HA, Atifah Y. Effect of Salacca Vinegar on Uric Acid Levels of Rats (Mus musculus L.) Fed a High Uric Acid Diet. Serambi Biologi. 2022;7(1):82–86.
Agromedia. Smart Book: Indonesia’s Superior Fruit Plant Cultivation. Jakarta: Agromedia; 2009.
Amalina ND, Mursiti S, Marianti A. Uncovering the Anticancer Activity of Citrus Flavonoid Compounds (Citrus sp.). Utilization of Indonesia’s Natural Resources: Food, Energy and Advanced Materials Security. 2021;1.
Amin MS. In vitro studies: Anticholesterol Effect of Methanol Extract of Parijotho Fruit (Medinilla speciosa Blume) on Total Cholesterol [Skripsi]. Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah; 2015.
Anggraini DI, Nabillah LF. Activity Test of Suji Leaf Extract (Dracaena angustifolia Roxb.) on In Vitro Cholesterol Lowering. Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi. 2018;21(2):54–58.
Aprilia F. The activity of black glutinous rice ethanol extract to reduce the level of cholesterol. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy. 2010.
Atifah Y, Afrilliana F, Azzahra F. Effect of salacca Sidempuan vinegar (sumatrana): Invivo study in hypercholesterolemia rats. Jurnal Biota. 2023. In press.
Awaludin Y, Yulma, Kartina. Identification of Secondary Metabolites from Ethanol Extract of Ciplukan (Physalis angulata) Leaves and Toxicity Test on Post- Larvae of Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon). JIPK. 2019;11(2).
Jiménez SC, Oberhauser L, Maechler P. Role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of ß-cell failure and Type-2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2024;398.
Cahyadi KD, Lestari GAD, Musthika IKT, Esati NK. Analysis of the quality of olive oil obtained from olives (Olea europaea) and its application as an anticholesterol. Jamb J Chem. 2023;5(1):1–12.
Cakir S, Eren M, Senturk M, Sarica ZS. The Effect of Boron and Its Physical and Chemical Properties. Development in Inorganic Chemistry. 2018;184:165–172.
Chaves SR, Rego A, Martins VM, Pereira PC, Sousa MJ, Côrte-Real M. Regulation of cell death induced by acetic acid in yeasts. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:6.
De Caro C, Haller C. UV-VIS Spectrophotometry: Fundamentals and Applications. Mettler-Toledo International; 2015. p. 4–14.
Hashimoto E, Tokushige K, Ludwig J. Diagnosis and classification of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Current concepts and remaining challenges. Hepatol Res. 2015;45(1):20–8.
Hernanda M, Yani DF, Wijayanti F. Toxicity Test of Extract and Fraction of Shell of Shrimp (Caesalpinia bonduc L.) with the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test Method. Al Ulum Sains dan Teknologi. 2021;7(1).
Ilyas AN, Rahmawati R, Widiastuti H. In Vitro Anticholesterol Activity Test of Gedi Leaf Ethanol Extract. Window of Health: Jurnal Kesehatan. 2020;57–64.
Ihsani N, Hernahadini N, Pertiwi L, Kahfi NFM, Fadhilla SN. The effects of key lime (Citrus aurantifolia) on concentration and motility of mice (Mus musculus) spermatozoa after exposure to cigarette smoke. Jurnal Kedokteran Yarsi. 2019;27(1):35–42.
Jalut LLS, Rupiasih NN, Sardjono Y. Boron dose analysis in BNCT technique with simulation method using PHITS (Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System) program. Buletin Fisika. 2020;21(1).
Jelita SF, Setyowati GW, Ferdinand M. Acalypha siamensis infusion toxicity test using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method. Farmaka. 2020;18(1):14–22.
Karta IW, Sundari CDWH, Susila LANK, Mastra N. Analysis of active content in “Salacca Vinegar” in Sibetan Village with potential as antidiabetic and anticancer. Indian J Public Health Res Dev. 2018;9(5):424. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2018.00480.1.
Kelly K, Bell S. Evaluation of the reproducibility and repeatability of GCMS retention indices and mass spectra of novel psychoactive substances. Forensic Chem. 2018.
Nogoy KMC, Kim HJ, Lee Y, Zhang Y, Yu J, Lee DH, Li XZ, Smith SB, Seong HA, Choi SH. Food Science Nutrition. Wiley; 2020. DOI:10.1002/fsn3.1644.
Kuru R, Sahin Y, Gulsah B, Tuzuner BA, Tasli PN, Akyuz S, Ozturk FY, Altuntas Y, Yarat A, Sahin F. Boron-rich diet may regulate blood lipid profile and prevent obesity: A non-drug and self-controlled clinical trial. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2019;54:191–8.
Lindawati NY, Ningsih DW. Anticholesterol activity of green kiwifruit ethanol extract (Actinidia deliciosa). Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung. 2020;6(2):183–91.
Syahruni R, Umar AH, Asnar NH. Characterization of three antihypercholesterolemia medicinal plants with an approach based on anatomical, histochemistry, and phytochemical profiles. Pharmacon J Farmasi Indonesia. 2022;19(2).
Vitalia N. Toxicity test of Pletekan leaf extract (Ruellia tuberosa L.) using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method. Jurnal Fitofarmaka Indonesia. 2018;3(1):146–52.
Wirmaningsih D, Atifah Y, Helendra. Acetic acid content in Salacca Sidempuan vinegar. Jurnal Serambi Biologi. 2023;8(3):280–8.
Wulandari F. Acute toxicity test of methanol extract of the crown leaf of the god (Phaleria macrocarpa [Scheff.] Boerl.) against Artemia salina Leach larvae using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method [Skripsi]. Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah; 2014.
Yang J, Paulino R, Janke-Stedronsky S, Abawi F. Free radical scavenging activity and total phenols of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) juice and powder in processing and storage. Food Chem. 2007;102:302–8.
Atifah Y, Diana OP. Effects of Sidempuan salacca (Salacca sumatrana) vinegar on hyperuricemia: Histopathological assessment. BIO Web Conf. 2024;91:01025.
Zhu Y, Jianghong C, Narayan SH, Hosmane, Yingjun Z. Introduction: Basic concept of boron and its physical and chemical properties. In: Developments in Inorganic Chemistry. 2022;2:1–57.
Zubaidah E. Effect of apple vinegar and salacca vinegar on blood glucose levels of Wistar fed a high-sugar diet. Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian. 2011;12(3):163–9.
Zubaidah E, Austin, Sriherfyna FH. The study of antioxidant activity of snake fruit vinegar from several snake fruit varieties (Salacca zalacca). Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian. 2016;16(2).
