Mannanase and Cellulase Enzyme Production from the Agricultural Wastes by the Bacillus subtilis P2-5 Strain
Article Sidebar
Published:
Jul 13, 2021
Keywords:
Agricultural wastes Mannanase Cellulase Submerged fermentation Enzyme production
Main Article Content
Abstract
The objective of this research was to use agricultural wastes as substrates in enzyme production processes, instead of using a commercial substrate named locust bean gum (LBG), in order to determine an alternative way of managing agricultural wastes, to reduce waste disposal costs, and to reduce enzyme production costs. There are four potential factors generally considered in enzyme production, which are designated as a substrate, an inoculum, temperature, and an incubator shaker speed. In this research, three agricultural wastes, namely tea waste, coffee grounds, and copra meal were considered as substrates. A new bacterium that was isolated from the soil named Bacillus subtilis P2-5 was considered as the inoculum, and it was tested at 1 and 5% (v/v). A factorial experiment was then conducted, in order to study the effects of these factors and their interactions on mannanase and cellulase activities. The results showed that the three wastes can be used as substrates to produce mannanase and cellulase. Tea waste obtained the highest enzyme activities when compared to coffee grounds and copra meal. The optimal condition to maximize both of the mannanase and cellulase activities was to use tea waste, 1% (v/v) of inoculum, 37°C, and 150 rpm. Although the enzyme activities obtained from the tea waste were lower than those obtained from LBG, the proposed idea is still recommended, since benefits from these agricultural wastes can be obtained, rather than merely casting them aside.
Article Details
How to Cite
Pangsri, P., Wuttipornpun, T., & Songserm, W. (2021). Mannanase and Cellulase Enzyme Production from the Agricultural Wastes by the Bacillus subtilis P2-5 Strain. Applied Science and Engineering Progress, 14(3), 425–434. https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2020.05.002
Issue
Section
Research Articles
References
[1] G. S. B. Solomao, J. C. Agnezi, L. B. Paulino, L. B. Hencker, T. S. Lira, P. T. Tardioli, and L. M. Pinotti, “Production of cellulases by solid state fermentation using natural and pretreated sugarcane bagasse with different fungi,” Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, vol. 17, pp. 1–6, 2019.
[2] Y. Hu, C. Du, N. Pensupa, and C. S. K. Lin, “Optimisation of fungal cellulase production from textile waste using experimental design,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 118, pp. 133–142, 2018.
[3] N. Nema, L. Alamir, and M. Mohammad, “Production of cellulase from Bacillus cereus by submerged fermentation using corn husks as substrates,” International Food Research Journal, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1831–1836, 2015.
[4] D. Deka, P. Bhargavi, A. Sharma, D. Goyal, M. Jawed, and A. Goyal, “Enhancement of cellulase activity from a new strain of Bacillus subtilis by medium optimization and analysis with various cellulosic substrates,” Enzyme Research, vol. 5, pp. 1–8, 2011.
[5] S. P. Saha and D. Mazumdar, “Optimization of process parameter for alpha-amylase produced by Bacillus cereus amy3 using one factor at a time (OFAT) and central composite rotatable (CCRD) design based response surface methodology (RSM),” Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, vol. 19, 2019, Art. no. 101168.
[6] S. Jagtab, R. A. Deshmukh, S. Menon, and S. Das, “Xylooligosaccharides production by crude microbial enzymes from agricultural waste without prior treatment and their potential application as nutraceuticals,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 245, pp. 283–288, 2017.
[7] M. Irfan, U. Asghar, M. Nadeem, R. Nelofer, and Q. Syed, “Optimization of process parameters for xylanase production by Bacillus sp. in submerged fermentation,” Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, vol. 9, pp. 139–147, 2016.
[8] F. Mandelli, L. B. Brenelli, R. F. Almeida, R. Goldbeck, L. D. Wolf, Z. B. Hoffmam, R. Ruller, G. J. M Rocha, A. Z. Mercadante, and F. M. Squina, “Simultaneous production of xylooligosaccharides and antioxidant compounds from sugarcane bagasse via enzymatic hydrolysis,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 52, pp. 770–775, 2014.
[9] J. X. Heck, L. H. B. Soares, and M. A. Z. Ayub, “Optimization of xylanase and mannanase production by Bacillus circulans strain BL53 on solid-state cultivation,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 37, pp. 417–423, 2005.
[10] V. Mishra, A. K. Jana, M. M. Jana, and A. Gupta, “Enhancement in multiple lignolytic enzymes production for optimized lignin degradation and selectivity in fungal pretreatment of sweet sorghum bagasse,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 236, pp. 49–59, 2017.
[11] L. Cheng, S. Duan, X. Feng, K. Z. Q. Yang, and Z. Liu, “Purification and characterization of a thermostable β-Mannanase from Bacillus subtilis BE-91: Potential application in inflammatory diseases,” BioMed Research International, vol. 3, pp. 1–7, 2016.
[12] B. Ozturk, D. Cekmecelioglu, and Z. B. Ogel, “Optimal conditions for enhanced β-mannanase production by recombinant Aspergillus sojae,” Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enyzmatic, vol. 64, pp. 135–139, 2010.
[13] Y. Feng, Z. He, S. L. Ong, J. Hu, Z. Zhang, and W. J. Ng, “Optimization of agitation, aeration, and temperature conditions for maximum β-mannanase production,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 32, pp. 282–289, 2003.
[14] M. A. Haque, V. Kachrimanidou, A. Koutinas, and C. S. K. Lin, “Valorization of bakery waste for biocolorant and enzyme production by Monascus purpureus,” Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 231, pp. 55–64, 2016.
[15] I. Ahmed, M. A. Zia, M. A. Hussian, Z. Akram, M. T. Naveed, and A. Nowrouzi, “Bioprocessing of citrus waste peel for induced pectinase production by Aspergillus niger; its purification and characterization,” Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, vol. 9, pp. 148–154, 2016.
[16] J. L. Xue, S. Zhao, R. M. Liang, X. Yin, S. X. Jiang, L. H. Su, Q. Yang, C. J. Duan, J. L. Lui, and J. X. Feng, “A biotechnological process efficiently co-produces two high value-added products, glucose and xylooligosaccharides, from sugarcane bagasse,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 204, pp. 130–138, 2016.
[17] A. Tutus, Y. Kazaskeroglu, and M. Cicekler, “Evaluation of tea wastes in usage pulp and paper production,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 5407–5416, 2015.
[18] L. F. Ballesteros, J. T. Teixeira, and S. I. Mussatto, “Chemical, functional, and structural properties of spent coffee grounds and coffee silverskin,” Food and Bioprocess Technology, vol. 7, pp. 3493– 3503, 2014.
[19] L. R. S. Moreira and E. X. F. Filho, “An overview of mannan structure and mannan-degrading enzyme systems,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 79, pp. 165–178, 2008.
[20] N. V. Kumar and M. E. Rani, Microbial Enzymes in Paper and Pulp Industries for Bioleaching Application. Nevada: MedDocs Publishers LLC, 2019, pp. 1–10.
[21] R. C. Kuhad, R. Gupta, and A. Singh, “Microbial cellulases and their industrial applications,” Enzyme Research, vol. 2011, pp. 1–10, 2011.
[22] Sigma-Aldrich, “Safety data sheet of product Locust bean gum, from Ceratonia siliqua seeds,” Sigma-Aldrich, Missouri, USA, 2019.
[23] A. Chantarasiri, “Novel halotolerant cellulolytic Bacillus methylotrophicus RYC01101 isolated from ruminant feces in Thailand and its application for bioethanol production,” KMUTNB International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 63–68, 2014.
[24] A. Chantarasiri, P. Boontanom, N. Yensaysuk, and P. Ajwichai, “Isolation and identification of a cellulase-producing Bacillus sp. strain BR0302 from Thai coastal wetland soil,” KMUTNB International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 197–203, 2015.
[25] K. Phothichitto, N. Nitisinprasert, and S. Keawsompong, “Isolation, screening and identification of mannanase producing microorganisms,” Kasetsart Journal Natural Science, vol. 40, pp. 26–38, 2006.
[26] S. Rattanasuk, “Isolation of ß-mannanase producing bacteria from Roi Et Rajabhat University,” Khon Kaen Agricultural Journal, vol. 42, pp. 191–195, 2014.
[27] P. Pangsri, “Isolation and screening of mannanase producing bacteria from mannan waste,” VRU Research and Development Journal Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1–9, 2016.
[28] S. Chantorn, S. Natrchalayuth, K. Phannachet, and J. Apiraksakorn, “Identification of suitable condition for mannanase production by Bacillus sp. GA2(1),” British Biotechnology Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 92–97, 2015.
[29] S. Chantorn, C. Piyapittayanun, P. Khumphai, S. Pannanusorn, K. Phannache, and J. Apiraksakorn, “Suitable conditions for xylanases activities from Bacillus sp. GA2(1) and Bacillus sp. GA1(6) and their properties for agricultural residues hydrolysis,” Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 177–182, 2016.
[30] C. Wongsiridetchai, W. Chiangkham, N. Khlaihiran, T. Sawangwan, P. Wongwathanarat, T. Charoenrat, and S. Chantorn, “Alkaline pretreatment of spent coffee grounds for oligosaccharides production by mannanase from Bacillus sp. GA2(1),” Agriculture and Natural Resources, vol. 52, pp. 222–227, 2018.
[31] G. L. Miller, “Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 31, no.3, pp. 426–428, 1959.
[32] W. Xia, H. Lu, M. Xia, Y. Cui, Y. Bai, L. Qian, P. Shi, H. Luo, and B. Yao, “A novel glycoside hydrolase family 113 endo-β-1,4-Mannanase from Alicyclobacillus sp. strain a4 and insight into the substrate recognition and catalytic mechanism of this family,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 82, no. 9, pp. 2718–2727, 2016.
[33] F. Yusof, S. Khanahmadi, A. Amid, and S. S. Mahmod, “Cocoa pod husk, a new source of hydrolase enzymes for preparation of cross‑linked enzyme aggregate,” SpringerPlus, vol. 5, no. 57, pp. 1–18, 2016.
[34] K. Sakai, S. Kojiya, J. Kamijo, Y. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Maebayashi, J. S. Oh, M. Ito, M. Hori, M. Shimizu, and M. Kato, “Oxygen-radical pretreatment promotes cellulose degradation by cellulolytic enzymes,” Biotechnology for Biofuels, vol. 10, pp. 1–11, 2017.
[35] S. L. R. Oliveira, T. C. Maciel, S. O. Sancho, and S. Rodrigues, “Solid-state production of cellulase by Melanoporia sp. CCT7736: A new strain isolated from coconut (Cocos nucifera L.),” Bioresources and Bioprocessing, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 1–11, 2016.
[36] H. Patel, D. Chapla, J. Divecha, and A. Shah, “Improved yield of α-L-arabinofuranosidase by newly isolated Aspergillus niger ADH-11 and synergistic effect of crude enzyme on saccharification of maize stover,” Bioresources and Bioprocessing, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 1–14, 2015.
[37] T. K. Ghose, “Measurement of cellulose activities,” Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 257–268, 1987.
[38] A. Akaracharanya, T. Taprig, J. Sitdhipol, and S. Tanasupawat, “Characterization of cellulase producing Bacillus and Paenibacillus strains from Thai soils,” Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 6–11, 2014.
[39] S. A. Ladeira, E. Cruz, A. B. Delatorre, J. B. Barbosa, and M. L. L. Martins, “Cellulase production by thermophilic Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 and its detergent compatibility,” Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 18, pp. 110–115, 2015.
[40] Zurmiati, Wizna, M. H. Abbas, and M. E. Mahata, “Production of extracellular β-mannanase by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on a coconut waste substrate,” Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 700–707, 2017.
[2] Y. Hu, C. Du, N. Pensupa, and C. S. K. Lin, “Optimisation of fungal cellulase production from textile waste using experimental design,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 118, pp. 133–142, 2018.
[3] N. Nema, L. Alamir, and M. Mohammad, “Production of cellulase from Bacillus cereus by submerged fermentation using corn husks as substrates,” International Food Research Journal, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1831–1836, 2015.
[4] D. Deka, P. Bhargavi, A. Sharma, D. Goyal, M. Jawed, and A. Goyal, “Enhancement of cellulase activity from a new strain of Bacillus subtilis by medium optimization and analysis with various cellulosic substrates,” Enzyme Research, vol. 5, pp. 1–8, 2011.
[5] S. P. Saha and D. Mazumdar, “Optimization of process parameter for alpha-amylase produced by Bacillus cereus amy3 using one factor at a time (OFAT) and central composite rotatable (CCRD) design based response surface methodology (RSM),” Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, vol. 19, 2019, Art. no. 101168.
[6] S. Jagtab, R. A. Deshmukh, S. Menon, and S. Das, “Xylooligosaccharides production by crude microbial enzymes from agricultural waste without prior treatment and their potential application as nutraceuticals,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 245, pp. 283–288, 2017.
[7] M. Irfan, U. Asghar, M. Nadeem, R. Nelofer, and Q. Syed, “Optimization of process parameters for xylanase production by Bacillus sp. in submerged fermentation,” Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, vol. 9, pp. 139–147, 2016.
[8] F. Mandelli, L. B. Brenelli, R. F. Almeida, R. Goldbeck, L. D. Wolf, Z. B. Hoffmam, R. Ruller, G. J. M Rocha, A. Z. Mercadante, and F. M. Squina, “Simultaneous production of xylooligosaccharides and antioxidant compounds from sugarcane bagasse via enzymatic hydrolysis,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 52, pp. 770–775, 2014.
[9] J. X. Heck, L. H. B. Soares, and M. A. Z. Ayub, “Optimization of xylanase and mannanase production by Bacillus circulans strain BL53 on solid-state cultivation,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 37, pp. 417–423, 2005.
[10] V. Mishra, A. K. Jana, M. M. Jana, and A. Gupta, “Enhancement in multiple lignolytic enzymes production for optimized lignin degradation and selectivity in fungal pretreatment of sweet sorghum bagasse,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 236, pp. 49–59, 2017.
[11] L. Cheng, S. Duan, X. Feng, K. Z. Q. Yang, and Z. Liu, “Purification and characterization of a thermostable β-Mannanase from Bacillus subtilis BE-91: Potential application in inflammatory diseases,” BioMed Research International, vol. 3, pp. 1–7, 2016.
[12] B. Ozturk, D. Cekmecelioglu, and Z. B. Ogel, “Optimal conditions for enhanced β-mannanase production by recombinant Aspergillus sojae,” Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enyzmatic, vol. 64, pp. 135–139, 2010.
[13] Y. Feng, Z. He, S. L. Ong, J. Hu, Z. Zhang, and W. J. Ng, “Optimization of agitation, aeration, and temperature conditions for maximum β-mannanase production,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 32, pp. 282–289, 2003.
[14] M. A. Haque, V. Kachrimanidou, A. Koutinas, and C. S. K. Lin, “Valorization of bakery waste for biocolorant and enzyme production by Monascus purpureus,” Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 231, pp. 55–64, 2016.
[15] I. Ahmed, M. A. Zia, M. A. Hussian, Z. Akram, M. T. Naveed, and A. Nowrouzi, “Bioprocessing of citrus waste peel for induced pectinase production by Aspergillus niger; its purification and characterization,” Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, vol. 9, pp. 148–154, 2016.
[16] J. L. Xue, S. Zhao, R. M. Liang, X. Yin, S. X. Jiang, L. H. Su, Q. Yang, C. J. Duan, J. L. Lui, and J. X. Feng, “A biotechnological process efficiently co-produces two high value-added products, glucose and xylooligosaccharides, from sugarcane bagasse,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 204, pp. 130–138, 2016.
[17] A. Tutus, Y. Kazaskeroglu, and M. Cicekler, “Evaluation of tea wastes in usage pulp and paper production,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 5407–5416, 2015.
[18] L. F. Ballesteros, J. T. Teixeira, and S. I. Mussatto, “Chemical, functional, and structural properties of spent coffee grounds and coffee silverskin,” Food and Bioprocess Technology, vol. 7, pp. 3493– 3503, 2014.
[19] L. R. S. Moreira and E. X. F. Filho, “An overview of mannan structure and mannan-degrading enzyme systems,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 79, pp. 165–178, 2008.
[20] N. V. Kumar and M. E. Rani, Microbial Enzymes in Paper and Pulp Industries for Bioleaching Application. Nevada: MedDocs Publishers LLC, 2019, pp. 1–10.
[21] R. C. Kuhad, R. Gupta, and A. Singh, “Microbial cellulases and their industrial applications,” Enzyme Research, vol. 2011, pp. 1–10, 2011.
[22] Sigma-Aldrich, “Safety data sheet of product Locust bean gum, from Ceratonia siliqua seeds,” Sigma-Aldrich, Missouri, USA, 2019.
[23] A. Chantarasiri, “Novel halotolerant cellulolytic Bacillus methylotrophicus RYC01101 isolated from ruminant feces in Thailand and its application for bioethanol production,” KMUTNB International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 63–68, 2014.
[24] A. Chantarasiri, P. Boontanom, N. Yensaysuk, and P. Ajwichai, “Isolation and identification of a cellulase-producing Bacillus sp. strain BR0302 from Thai coastal wetland soil,” KMUTNB International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 197–203, 2015.
[25] K. Phothichitto, N. Nitisinprasert, and S. Keawsompong, “Isolation, screening and identification of mannanase producing microorganisms,” Kasetsart Journal Natural Science, vol. 40, pp. 26–38, 2006.
[26] S. Rattanasuk, “Isolation of ß-mannanase producing bacteria from Roi Et Rajabhat University,” Khon Kaen Agricultural Journal, vol. 42, pp. 191–195, 2014.
[27] P. Pangsri, “Isolation and screening of mannanase producing bacteria from mannan waste,” VRU Research and Development Journal Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1–9, 2016.
[28] S. Chantorn, S. Natrchalayuth, K. Phannachet, and J. Apiraksakorn, “Identification of suitable condition for mannanase production by Bacillus sp. GA2(1),” British Biotechnology Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 92–97, 2015.
[29] S. Chantorn, C. Piyapittayanun, P. Khumphai, S. Pannanusorn, K. Phannache, and J. Apiraksakorn, “Suitable conditions for xylanases activities from Bacillus sp. GA2(1) and Bacillus sp. GA1(6) and their properties for agricultural residues hydrolysis,” Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 177–182, 2016.
[30] C. Wongsiridetchai, W. Chiangkham, N. Khlaihiran, T. Sawangwan, P. Wongwathanarat, T. Charoenrat, and S. Chantorn, “Alkaline pretreatment of spent coffee grounds for oligosaccharides production by mannanase from Bacillus sp. GA2(1),” Agriculture and Natural Resources, vol. 52, pp. 222–227, 2018.
[31] G. L. Miller, “Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 31, no.3, pp. 426–428, 1959.
[32] W. Xia, H. Lu, M. Xia, Y. Cui, Y. Bai, L. Qian, P. Shi, H. Luo, and B. Yao, “A novel glycoside hydrolase family 113 endo-β-1,4-Mannanase from Alicyclobacillus sp. strain a4 and insight into the substrate recognition and catalytic mechanism of this family,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 82, no. 9, pp. 2718–2727, 2016.
[33] F. Yusof, S. Khanahmadi, A. Amid, and S. S. Mahmod, “Cocoa pod husk, a new source of hydrolase enzymes for preparation of cross‑linked enzyme aggregate,” SpringerPlus, vol. 5, no. 57, pp. 1–18, 2016.
[34] K. Sakai, S. Kojiya, J. Kamijo, Y. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Maebayashi, J. S. Oh, M. Ito, M. Hori, M. Shimizu, and M. Kato, “Oxygen-radical pretreatment promotes cellulose degradation by cellulolytic enzymes,” Biotechnology for Biofuels, vol. 10, pp. 1–11, 2017.
[35] S. L. R. Oliveira, T. C. Maciel, S. O. Sancho, and S. Rodrigues, “Solid-state production of cellulase by Melanoporia sp. CCT7736: A new strain isolated from coconut (Cocos nucifera L.),” Bioresources and Bioprocessing, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 1–11, 2016.
[36] H. Patel, D. Chapla, J. Divecha, and A. Shah, “Improved yield of α-L-arabinofuranosidase by newly isolated Aspergillus niger ADH-11 and synergistic effect of crude enzyme on saccharification of maize stover,” Bioresources and Bioprocessing, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 1–14, 2015.
[37] T. K. Ghose, “Measurement of cellulose activities,” Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 257–268, 1987.
[38] A. Akaracharanya, T. Taprig, J. Sitdhipol, and S. Tanasupawat, “Characterization of cellulase producing Bacillus and Paenibacillus strains from Thai soils,” Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 6–11, 2014.
[39] S. A. Ladeira, E. Cruz, A. B. Delatorre, J. B. Barbosa, and M. L. L. Martins, “Cellulase production by thermophilic Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 and its detergent compatibility,” Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 18, pp. 110–115, 2015.
[40] Zurmiati, Wizna, M. H. Abbas, and M. E. Mahata, “Production of extracellular β-mannanase by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on a coconut waste substrate,” Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 700–707, 2017.