Kinetics and Isotherms Study of Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption on Water Hyacinth Stem Powder Adsorbent

Anodar Ratchawet; Atinut  Joradol; Jutamas  Sookyang; Chadaphon  Bueruean; Supasajee  Doungjit

Authors

Anodar Ratchawet Chiangmai Rajabhat University, Thailand
Atinut Joradol Chiangmai Rajabhat University, Thailand
Jutamas Sookyang Chiangmai Rajabhat University, Thailand
Chadaphon Bueruean Chiangmai Rajabhat University, Thailand
Supasajee Doungjit Chiangmai Rajabhat University, Thailand

Keywords:

Water hyacinth stem powder, Methylene blue, Adsorption, Kinetics, Isotherms, Thermodynamics, STEM, FTIR

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the adsorption efficiency of water hyacinth stem powder (WHSP) to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of contact time and initial dye concentration. The kinetic data were fitted to both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, with the latter providing a better fit (R² = 0.993), indicating chemisorption. Isotherm modelling revealed that the Freundlich model best described the adsorption behavior (R² = 0.9706), suggesting multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Physical and chemical characterizations, including FTIR and SEM, demonstrated the involvement of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups and notable surface morphology changes before and after adsorption. WHSP exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 126.7 mg/g and a removal efficiency of 92.1%. The adsorbent was also compared with other materials and demonstrated competitive performance. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, with increased entropy indicating enhanced dye–adsorbent interactions. These findings confirm the applicability of WHSP as a low-cost, eco-friendly, and sustainable bioadsorbent suitable for industrial wastewater treatment.

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