Harnessing aquaculture wastewater with Chlorella protothecoides for biodiesel and bioethanol production
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The wastewater treatment potential of the microalga Chlorella protothecoides was investigated in the context of fish farming, and it is efficacy was further evaluated through cultivation at different inoculation levels to gauge pollutant removal efficiency. This study examines C. protothecoides for growth, nutrient removal, and biofuel potential. Climbing perch culture effluent (CPCE) mediums are employed for algal cultivation, with optical density (OD) measurements capturing growth dynamics that culminate on the 10th day in dense biomass accumulation. Nitrogen and phosphorus, key components of wastewater, exhibited substantial reduction. Ammonia concentrations decreased by 77.88%, nitrite by 93.75%, and nitrate by 95.67%. The most striking reduction was observed in phosphorus levels, with a remarkable 97.87% removal rate. Furthermore, the microalga's pigment composition was explored, showcasing high chlorophyll content, alongside significant carotenoids. High protein content (45.71 g/100 g) offers amino acids for bio-based materials and enzymatic catalysts. Carbohydrates (33.23 g/100 g) represent a valuable energy source for bioethanol production. Lipid content (8.64 g/100 g) suggests biodiesel potential, with unsaturated fatty acids comprising over 82% of the biodiesel content. The study underscores C. protothecoides's potential in growth, nutrient removal, and biofuel production. Therefore, this research contributes valuable insights into sustainable wastewater treatment and bioenergy generation technologies, with empirical data supporting the findings.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright © 2019 MIJEEC - Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication, All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License
References
Abomohra, A. E. F., Elsayed, M., Esakkimuthu, S., El-Sheekh, M., & Hanelt, D. (2020). Potential of fat, oil and grease (FOG) for biodiesel production: A critical review on the recent progress and future perspectives. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 81, 100868.
Behera, B., Mallick, N., Bal, G., Murugan, S., & Balasubramanian, P. (2019). Utilisation of exhaust gas from a CI engine for improving microalgae growth. Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication, 1(1), 1-7.
Behera, B., Unpaprom, Y., Ramaraj, R., Maniam, G. P., Govindan, N., & Paramasivan, B. (2021). Integrated biomolecular and bioprocess engineering strategies for enhancing the lipid yield from microalgae. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 148, 111270.
Bhuyar, P., Trejo, M., Dussadee, N., Unpaprom, Y., Ramaraj, R., & Whangchai, K. (2021). Microalgae cultivation in wastewater effluent from tilapia culture pond for enhanced bioethanol production. Water Science and Technology, 84(10-11), 2686-2694.
Calijuri, M. L., Silva, T. A., Magalhães, I. B., de Paula Pereira, A. S. A., Marangon, B. B., de Assis, L. R., & Lorentz, J. F. (2022). Bioproducts from microalgae biomass: Technology, sustainability, challenges and opportunities. Chemosphere, 305, 135508.
Do Minh, T., Song, J., Deb, A., Cha, L., Srivastava, V., & Sillanpää, M. (2020). Biochar based catalysts for the abatement of emerging pollutants: a review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 394, 124856.
Gao, F., Li, C., Yang, Z. H., Zeng, G. M., Feng, L. J., Liu, J. Z., Liu, M., & Cai, H. W. (2016). Continuous microalgae cultivation in aquaculture wastewater by a membrane photobioreactor for biomass production and nutrients removal. Ecological engineering, 92, 55-61.
Khammee, P., Ramaraj, R., Whangchai, N., Bhuyar, P., & Unpaprom, Y. (2021). The immobilization of yeast for fermentation of macroalgae Rhizoclonium sp. for efficient conversion into bioethanol. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 11, 827-835.
Krishnamoorthy, N., Dey, B., Unpaprom, Y., Ramaraj, R., Maniam, G. P., Govindan, N., Jayaraman, S., Arunachalam, T., & Paramasivan, B. (2021). Engineering principles and process designs for phosphorus recovery as struvite: A comprehensive review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(5), 105579.
Kuo, C. M., Chen, T. Y., Lin, T. H., Kao, C. Y., Lai, J. T., Chang, J. S., & Lin, C. S. (2015). Cultivation of Chlorella sp. GD using piggery wastewater for biomass and lipid production. Bioresource technology, 194, 326-333.
Lee, E., Jalalizadeh, M., & Zhang, Q. (2015). Growth kinetic models for microalgae cultivation: A review. Algal research, 12, 497-512.
Manmai, N., Balakrishnan, D., Obey, G., Ito, N., Ramaraj, R., Unpaprom, Y., & Velu, G. (2022). Alkali pretreatment method of dairy wastewater based grown Arthrospira platensis for enzymatic degradation and bioethanol production. Fuel, 330, 125534.
Manmai, N., Unpaprom, Y., & Ramaraj, R. (2021). Bioethanol production from sunflower stalk: Application of chemical and biological pretreatments by response surface methodology (RSM). Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 11, 1759-1773.
Palanisamy, K. M., Bhuyar, P., Ab Rahim, M. H., Govindan, N., & Maniam, G. P. (2023). Cultivation of Microalgae Spirulina platensis Biomass Using Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Phycocyanin Productivity and Future Biomass Refinery Attributes. International Journal of Energy Research, 2023.
Patel, A., Krikigianni, E., Rova, U., Christakopoulos, P., & Matsakas, L. (2022). Bioprocessing of volatile fatty acids by oleaginous freshwater microalgae and their potential for biofuel and protein production. Chemical Engineering Journal, 438, 135529.
Pimpimol, T., Tongmee, B., Lomlai, P., Prasongpol, P., Whangchai, N., Unpaprom, Y., & Ramaraj, R. (2020). Spirogyra cultured in fishpond wastewater for biomass generation. Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication, 2(3), 58-65.
Pirastru, L., Darwish, M., Chu, F. L., Perreault, F., Sirois, L., Sleno, L., & Popovic, R. (2012). Carotenoid production and change of photosynthetic functions in Scenedesmus sp. exposed to nitrogen limitation and acetate treatment. Journal of Applied Phycology, 24, 117-124.
Ramaraj, R., Unpaprom, Y., & Dussadee, N. (2016). Cultivation of green microalga, Chlorella vulgaris for biogas purification. International Journal of New Technology and Research, 2(3), 117-122.
Ramaraj, R., Unpaprom, Y., & Dussadee, N. (2016). Potential evaluation of biogas production and upgrading through algae. International Journal of New Technology and Research, 2(3), 263567.
Saengsawang, B., Bhuyar, P., Manmai, N., Ponnusamy, V. K., Ramaraj, R., & Unpaprom, Y. (2020). The optimization of oil extraction from macroalgae, Rhizoclonium sp. by chemical methods for efficient conversion into biodiesel. Fuel, 274, 117841.
Saetang, N., & Tipnee, S. (2021). Towards a sustainable approach for the development of biodiesel microalgae, Closterium sp. Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication, 3(1), 25-29.
Samorì, G., Samorì, C., Guerrini, F., & Pistocchi, R. (2013). Growth and nitrogen removal capacity of Desmodesmus communis and of a natural microalgae consortium in a batch culture system in view of urban wastewater treatment: part I. Water research, 47(2), 791-801.
Singh, A., Srivastava, A., Saidulu, D., & Gupta, A. K. (2022). Advancements of sequencing batch reactor for industrial wastewater treatment: Major focus on modifications, critical operational parameters, and future perspectives. Journal of Environmental Management, 317, 115305.
Skjånes, K., Aesoy, R., Herfindal, L., & Skomedal, H. (2021). Bioactive peptides from microalgae: Focus on anti-cancer and immunomodulating activity. Physiologia Plantarum, 173(2), 612-623.
Sophanodorn, K., Unpaprom, Y., Whangchai, K., Duangsuphasin, A., Manmai, N., & Ramaraj, R. (2022). A biorefinery approach for the production of bioethanol from alkaline-pretreated, enzymatically hydrolyzed Nicotiana tabacum stalks as feedstock for the bio-based industry. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 12, 891-899.
Tipnee, S., Ramaraj, R., & Unpaprom, Y. (2015). Nutritional evaluation of edible freshwater green macroalga Spirogyra varians. Emergent Life Sciences Research, 1(2), 1-7.
Torres-Tiji, Y., Fields, F. J., & Mayfield, S. P. (2020). Microalgae as a future food source. Biotechnology Advances, 41, 107536.
Trejo, M., Bhuyar, P., Velu, G., Pérez, E. Z., Unpaprom, Y., Trail, A., & Ramaraj, R. (2022). The effect of various pretreatments conditions on the distribution of fermentable sugar from dried elephant ear plant. Fuel, 324, 124624.
Trejo, M., Mejica, G. F. C., Saetang, N., & Lomlai, P. (2020). Exploration of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in cyanobacteria for a wide range of algae-based biofuels. Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication, 2(3), 35-42.
Tsai, D. D. W., Chen, P. H., & Ramaraj, R. (2017). The potential of carbon dioxide capture and sequestration with algae. Ecological Engineering, 98, 17-23.
Tsai, D. D. W., Chen, P. H., Chou, C. M. J., Hsu, C. F., & Ramaraj, R. (2015). Carbon sequestration by alga ecosystems. Ecological Engineering, 84, 386-389.
Tsai, D. D. W., Ramaraj, R., & Chen, P. H. (2012). Growth condition study of algae function in ecosystem for CO2 bio-fixation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 107, 27-34.
Unpaprom, Y., Tipnee, S., & Ramaraj, R. (2015). Biodiesel from green alga Scenedesmus acuminatus. International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy, 4(1), 1-6.
Van Den Hende, S., Vervaeren, H., Desmet, S., & Boon, N. (2011). Bioflocculation of microalgae and bacteria combined with flue gas to improve sewage treatment. New biotechnology, 29(1), 23-31.
Vu, P. T., Ramaraj, R., Bhuyar, P., & Unpaprom, Y. (2022). The possibility of aquatic weeds serving as a source of feedstock for bioethanol production: a review. Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication, 4(2), 50-63.
Vu, P. T., Unpaprom, Y., & Ramaraj, R. (2018). Impact and significance of alkaline-oxidant pretreatment on the enzymatic digestibility of Sphenoclea zeylanica for bioethanol production. Bioresource Technology, 247, 125-130.
Whangchai, K., Inta, W., Unpaprom, Y., Bhuyar, P., Adoonsook, D., & Ramaraj, R. (2021b). Comparative analysis of fresh and dry free-floating aquatic plant Pistia stratiotes via chemical pretreatment for second-generation (2G) bioethanol production. Bioresource Technology Reports, 14, 100651.
Whangchai, K., Souvannasouk, V., Bhuyar, P., Ramaraj, R., & Unpaprom, Y. (2021a). Biomass generation and biodiesel production from macroalgae grown in the irrigation canal wastewater. Water Science and Technology, 84(10-11), 2695-2702.
Williams, P. J. L. B., & Laurens, L. M. (2010). Microalgae as biodiesel & biomass feedstocks: Review & analysis of the biochemistry, energetics & economics. Energy & environmental science, 3(5), 554-590.
Yaşar, F., & Altun, Ş. (2018). Biodiesel properties of microalgae (Chlorella protothecoides) oil for use in diesel engines. International Journal of Green Energy, 15(14-15), 941-946.
Zuccaro, G., Yousuf, A., Pollio, A., & Steyer, J. P. (2020). Microalgae cultivation systems. Microalgae cultivation for biofuels production, 11-29.