A comprehensive review of electric vehicle energy management techniques, optimizations, and controllers

Abstract

The terrible impact of environmental pollution and the greatest deficiency of fossil fuels, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) are alternatives to minimize the greenhouse gas emission and protect the environmental circumstances. Since most of the EVs are driven by energy storage sources (ESS), numerous researchers have conducted many investigations to ascertain the potentiality of ESS-based EVs. Nonetheless, the demand of end users is to enhance the lifetime of battery and reduce the consumption of hydrogen. Hence, advanced and newly designed control strategies are required for enriching the efficiency of the EVs with energy management systems (EMS). This work presents a state-of-the-art of various types of vehicles including ICE type, hybrid EVs, and all types EVs. The EMS strategies such as battery, ultra-capacitor (UC), flywheel energy storage (FES), fuel-cell, and hybrid energy storages are addressed in this work. Furthermore, different types of optimization methods are highlighted for solving the limitations and improving the performance of EVs in future. Diverse control techniques namely, classical controllers, fuzzy logic controller (FLC), model predictive control (MPC), and operational mode/state machine. Finally, this article provides a thorough analysis of these studies and makes recommendations for new researchers on how to proceed with their study in the future.