The Comparison of Urinary Cadmium (UCd) and Urinary Lead (UPb) between 2007 and 2015 in a Population Living in a Zinc Contaminated Area DOI: 10.32526/ennrj.17.2.2019.12
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Published:
Dec 25, 2018
Keywords:
Cadmium and lead exposure Zinc mining
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper compares urinary cadmium (UCd) and lead (UPb) between 2007 and 2015 in a population living in an area of zinc contamination and classified in terms of year, subdistrict, gender and gender broken down by age. A total of 441 participants from zinc contaminated areas gave urine samples in 2007 and again in 2015 for analysis of cadmium and lead concentrations. Urine was divided into 2 parts for: 1) cadmium and lead analysis by ICP-MS and 2) urinary creatinine (Cr) measurement by the modified Jaffe’s reaction method. The statistical analysis includes mean, frequency and percentage, paired t-test and ANOVA. The results show a statistically significant decrease in the urinary concentrations of cadmium and lead in 2015 compared to 2007 for: 1) all subdistricts, 2) year, 3) age group, 4) gender and 5) gender by age. The reduction was greater in gender by age of females than in that of males, but this was not statistically significant. The conclusion illustrates that UCd and UPb in terms of years, sub districts (Prathadpadeang, Mae Tao and Mae Ku), gender, and gender by age (a cross tabulation of gender and age) show a statistically significant decrease from 2007 to 2015.
Article Details
How to Cite
Chaiwong, S., Chanthanao, W., Loeskhampom, P., Wiwatanadate, P., & Sthiannopkao, S. (2018). The Comparison of Urinary Cadmium (UCd) and Urinary Lead (UPb) between 2007 and 2015 in a Population Living in a Zinc Contaminated Area: DOI: 10.32526/ennrj.17.2.2019.12. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 17(2), 54–61. Retrieved from https://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ennrj/article/view/172215
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Original Research Articles
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References
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2. Alloway BJ, Ayres DC. Chemical Principles of Environmental Pollution. London: Blackie Academic and Professional; 1993.
3. Brito JA, Costa IM, Silva AM, Marques JM, Zagalo CM, Cavaleiro II, Fernandes TA, Gonçalves LL. Changes in bone Pb accumulation: cause and effect of altered bone turnover. Bone 2014;64:228-4.
4. Chaiwong S, Sthiannopkao S, Supanpaiboon W, Chuenchoojit S, Pupatwibul K, Poodendaen C. Urinary cadmium concentrations in a population downstream: from a zinc mining area in Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Thailand. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2013;35:69-8.
5. Chaiwong T, Tangkawanich T, Jantarawijit C. The effect of education program based on health belief model on prevention cadmium exposure among high- risk female students. Thai Journal of Nursing Council 2010;25:67-76.
6. Farag AG, Elhalwagy ME, Farid HE. Effect of ginger supplementation on developmental toxicity induced by fenitrothion insecticide and/or lead in albino rats. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 2010;97:267-74.
7. Flanagan PR, McLellan JS, Haist J, Cherian MG, Chamberlain MJ, Valberg LS. Increased dietary cadmium absorption in mice and human subjects with iron deficiency. Gastroenterology 1978;74(5):841-6.
8. Habashi F. Environmental issues in the metallurgical industry, progress and problems. Proceedings Global Symposium on Recycling, Waste Treatment, and Clean Technology; 1999 September 5-9; San Sebastian: Spain; 1999.
9. Hellstrom L, Persson B, Brudin L, Petersson GK, Oborn I, Jarup L. Cadmium exposure pathways in a population living near a battery plant. The Science of the Total Environment 2007;373:447-55.
10. Higgins R. Engineering Metallurgy. 3rd ed. London: The English Universities Press; 1971.
11. Kehoe RA. The ingestion of lead by healthy human subjects. Food and Chemical Toxicology 1987:25: 439-53.
12. Kubaszewski L, Zioła-Frankowska A, Frankowski M, Rogala P, Gasik Z, Kaczmarczyk J, Nowakowski A, Dabrowski M, Labedz WO, Miękisiak G, Gasik R. Comparison of trace element concentration in bone and intervertebral disc tissue by atomic absorption spectrometry techniques. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2014;9:99.
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14. Levin AA, Plautz JR, Sant Agnese PA, Miller RK. Cadmium: placental mechanisms of fetal toxicity. Placenta Supplement 1981;3:303-8.
15. Maret W. The bioinorganic chemistry of lead in the context of its toxicity. Metal Ions in Life Sciences 2017;10:17.
16. McPherson RA, Pincus MR. Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 21st ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2006.
17. Moreira M, Neves B. Use of urine lead level as an exposure indicator and its relationship to blood lead. Cadernos de Saude Publica 2008;24:2151-9.
18. Noonan CW, Sarasua SM, Campagna D, Kathman SJ, Lybarger JA, Mueller PW. Effects of exposure to low levels of environmental cadmium on renal biomarkers. Environmental Health Perspectives 2002;110:151-5.
19. Norkaew T. Iron Status on Placenta Cadmium Accumulation of Pregnant Women Living in Cadmium-Contaminated Area, Mae Sot Tak [dissertation]. Phitsanulok, Naresuan University; 2011.
20. Nwokocha CR, Nwokocha MI, Aneto I, Obi J, Udekweleze DC, Olatunde B, Owu DU, Iwuala MO. Comparative analysis on the effect of Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) in reducing cadmium, mercury and lead accumulation in liver. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2012;50:2070-3.
21. Ola-Mudathir KF, Suru SM, Fafunso MA, Obioha UE, Faremi TY. Protective roles of onion and garlic extracts on cadmium-induced changes in sperm characteristics and testicular oxidative damage in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2008;46:3604-11.
22. O’Neill P. Environmental Chemistry. 2nd ed. London: Chapman and Hall; 1993.
23. Padungtod C, Swaddiwudhipong W, Nishijo M, Ruangyuttikarn W, Inud T. Health risk management for cadmium contamination in Thailand forum v-side events on heavy metals. Intergovernmental forum on chemistry safety Budapest, Hungary 25-29 September 2006 [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Aug 14]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ifcs/documents/forums/ forum5/thai_padungtod.pdf.
24. Peplow D. Environmental impacts of mining in Eastern Washington. The Water Center: Fact Sheet. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington; 1999.
25. Phaenark C, Pokethitiyook P, Kruatrachue M, Ngernsansaruay C. Cd and Zn accumulation in plants from the Padeang zinc mine area. International Journal of Phytoremediation 2009;11:479-95.
26. Punshon T, Li Z, Marsit J, Jackson BP, Baker ER, Karagas MR. Placental metal concentrations in relation to maternal and infant toenails in a U.S. Cohort. Environmental Science and Technology 2016;50:1587-4.
27. Rabinowitz MB, Kopple JD, Wetherill GW. Effect of food intake and fasting on gastrointestinal lead absorption in humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1980;33:1784-8.
28. Reddy YA, Pullakhandam R, Kumar BD. Thiamine reduces tissue lead levels in rats: Mechanism of interaction. Biometals 2010;23:247-53.
29. Reddy YA, Chalamaiah M, Ramesh B, Balaji G, Indira P. Ameliorating activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract against lead induced renal toxicity in male rats. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2011;1:1-7.
30. Ryu DY, Lee SJ, Park DW, Choi BS, Klaassen CD, Park JD. Dietary iron regulates intestinal cadmium absorption through iron transporters in rats. Toxicology Letters 2004;152:19-25.
31. Sasser LB, Hall GG, Bratton GR, Zmudzki J. Absorption and tissue distribution of lead in thiamin-replete and thiamin-deficient rats. The Journal of Nutrition 1984;114:1816-25.
32. Satarug S, Moore MR. Adverse health effects of chronic exposure to low-level cadmium in foodstuffs and cigarette smoke. Environmental Health Perspectives 2004;112:1099-103.
33. Simmons RW, Pongsakul P, Saiyasitpanich D, Klinphoklap, S. Elevated levels of cadmium and zinc in paddy soils and elevated levels of cadmium in rice grain downstream of a zinc mineralized area in Thailand. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2005;27:5-6.
34. Songprasert N, Sukaew T, Kusreesakul K, Swaddiwudhipong W, Padungtod C, Bundhamcharoen K. Additional burden of diseases associated with cadmium exposure: A case study of cadmium contaminated rice fields in Mae Sot district, Tak province, Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2015;12.
35. Steffens J, Hunt D, Williams B. Accumulation of non-protein metal-binding polypeptides (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl) n-glycine in selected cadmium-resistant tomato cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1986;261:13879-2.
36. Swaddiwudhipong W, Limpatanachote P, Mahasakpan P, Krintratun S, Padungtod C. Cadmium-exposed population in Mae Sot district, Tak province: 1. Prevalence of high urinary cadmium levels in the adults. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2007;90:143-8.
37. Tansengco M, Tejano J, Coronado F, Gacho G, Barcelo J. Heavy metal tolerance and removal capacity of Trichoderma species isolated from mine tailings in Itogon, Benguet. Environment and Natural Resources Journal 2018;16:39-57.
38. Tandon SK, Flora S, Singh S. Influence of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) on lead intoxication in rats. Industrial Health 1987;25:93-6.
39. The Association of Toxicology of Thailand. Risk evaluation; health risk assessment; case study, conference meeting; Toxicological Sciences 2007;68:288-4.
40. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Laboratory procedure manual for Antimony, Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium, Cadmium, Cesium, Cobalt, Lead, Manganese, Molybdenum, Platinum, Strontium, Thallium, Tin, Tungsten, and Uranium. National Center for Environmental Health [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2012 Jul 13]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_11_12/UHM_G_met_heavy_metals.pdf.
41. Tito A, Carola A, Bimonte M, Barbulova A, Arciello S, Laurentiis F, Monoli I, Hill J, Gibertoni S, Colucci G. A tomato stem cell extract, containing antioxidant compounds and metal chelating factors, protects skin cells from heavy metal-induced damages. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2011;33:543-52.
42. United Nations Environmental Protection (UNEP), Global Program of Action (GPA). Why the marine environment needs protection from heavy metals, heavy metals [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2016 July 26]. Available from: https://oceansatlas.org/unatlas /uses/uneptextsph/wastesph/260 2gpa 2016/09/21.
43. United States Department of Labor (USDOL). Occupational safety and health administration (OSHA); safety and health topics: Heavy metals [internet]. 2004. [cited 2016 May 21]. Available from: www.osha.gov/SLTCmetalheavy/index.html.
44. Wenk HR, Bulakh A. Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin. 1st ed. Cambridge: The press syndicate of the University of Cambridge; 2004.
45. Yabe J, Shouta MM, Yoshinori I, Yohannes BY, Bortey-Sam N, Nketani KA, Ntapisha J, Mizukawa H, Umemura T, Ishizuka M. Lead and cadmium excretion in feces and urine of children from polluted townships near a lead-zinc mine in Kabwe, Zambia. Chemosphere 2018;202:485.