Species Composition and Spatial Distribution of Dominant Trees in the Forest Ecotone of a Mountain Ecosystem, Northern Thailand DOI: 10.32526/ennrj.17.3.2019.21
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Published:
Mar 19, 2019
Keywords:
Doi Suthep-Pui National Park Ecological niche Forest ecotone Long-term ecological research Permanent plot
Main Article Content
Abstract
Plants’ ecological niches are important to study, particularly for applying the knowledge to restoration programs. This study clarified the relationships of tree species composition and spatial distribution to environmental factors in a mountain ecosystem. A 3 ha permanent plot was established across the forest ecotone at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The spatial distributions of the 20 dominant tree species were analyzed using a generalized linear model (GLM) combined with geographic information system (GIS) techniques. High species diversity was found, including 165 species representing 118 genera and 59 families. Elevation strongly influenced tree distribution, which could be divided into three groups: low-altitude species in deciduous dipterocarp forest (DDF), high-altitude species in lower montane forest (LMF) and coexisting DDF and LMF species. The GLM analysis revealed that soil texture, which ranged from sandy to clayey, influenced tree distribution. The results suggest that restoration programs should select suitable species based on their niches.
Article Details
How to Cite
Marod, D., Hermhuk, S., Sungkaew, S., Thinkampheang, S., Kamyo, T., & Nuipakdee, W. (2019). Species Composition and Spatial Distribution of Dominant Trees in the Forest Ecotone of a Mountain Ecosystem, Northern Thailand: DOI: 10.32526/ennrj.17.3.2019.21. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 17(3), 40–49. Retrieved from https://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ennrj/article/view/178280
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Original Research Articles
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References
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9. Caillaud D, Crofoot MC, Scarpino SV, Jansen PA, Garzon-Lopez CX, Winkelhagen AJ, Bohlman SA, Walsh PD. Modeling the spatial distribution and fruiting pattern of a key tree species in a neotropical forest: Methodology and potential applications. PLoS One 2010;5(11):1-10.
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19. Guisan A, Weiss SB, Weiss AD. GLM versus CCA spatial modeling of plant species distribution. Plant Ecology 1999;143(1):107-22.
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22. Hara M, Kanzaki M, Mizuno T, Noguchi H, Sri-Ngernyuang K, Teejuntuk S, Sungpalee C, Ohkubo C. The floristic composition of tropical montane forest in Doi Inthanon National Park, North Thailand, with special reference to its phytogeographical relation with montane forests in Tropical Asia. Natural History Research 2002;7:1-17.
23. Harms KE, Condit R, Hubbell SP, Foster RB. Habitat associations of trees and shrubs in a 50-ha Neotropical forest plot. Journal of Ecology 2001;89(6):947-59.
24. Hermhuk S. Establishment of Plant Species along the Ecotone of Lower Montane Evergreen Forest at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province [dissertation]. Surat Thani: Kasetsart University; 2014.
25. Höfle R, Dullinger S, Essl F. Different factors affect the local distribution, persistence and spread of alien tree species in floodplain forests. Basic and Applied Ecology 2014;15(5):426-34.
26. Homeier J, Breckle SW, Günter S, Rollenbeck RT, Leuschner C. Tree diversity, forest structure and productivity along altitudinal and topographical gradients in a species-rich Ecuadorian montane rain forest. Biotropica 2010;42(2):140-8.
27. Jirakajohnkool S. ArcGIS 10.1 for Desktop. Bangkok: Thammasat University; 2009.
28. Khamyong S, Lykke AM, Seramethakun D, Barfod AS. Species composition and vegetation structure of an upper montane forest at the summit of Mt. Doi Inthanon, Thailand. Nordic Journal of Botany 2003;23(1):83-97.
29. Lan G, Hu Y, Cao M, Zhu H. Topography related spatial distribution of dominant tree species in a tropical seasonal rain forest in China. Forest Ecology and Management 2011; 262(8):1507-13.
30. Li L, Huang Z, Ye W, Cao H, Wei S, Wang Z, Lian J, Sun IF, Ma K, He, F. Spatial distributions of tree species in a subtropical forest of China. Oikos 2009;118(4):495-502.
31. Marchand P, Houle G. Spatial patterns of plant species richness along a forest edge: What are their determinants? Forest Ecology and Management 2006;223:113-24.
32. Marod D, Kutintara U, Tanaka H, Nakashizuka T. The effects of drought and fire on seed and seedling dynamics in a tropical seasonal forest in Thailand. Plant Ecology 2002;161(1):41-57.
33. Marod D, Sangkaew S, Panmongkal A, Jingjai A. Influences of environmental factors on tree distribution of lower montane evergreen forest at Doi Sutep-Pui National park, Chiang Mai Province. Thai Journal of Forestry 2014;33(3):23-33.
34. Marod D, Thimkhomphang S, Panmhongkol A, Hermhuk S. Tree distribution across the forest ecotone of lower montane forest at Doi Sutep - Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Thai Journal of Forestry 2015;34(3):99-108.
35. Martin HP, Sherman RE, Fahey TJ. Tropical montane forest ecotone: Climate gradients, natural disturbance and vegetation zonation in the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic. Journal of Biogeography 2007;34(10):1792-806.
36. National Soil Survey Center. Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. Washington: Natural Resources Conservation Service; 1996.
37. Odum EP. Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1959.
38. Ohsawa M. Latitudinal pattern of mountain vegetation zonation in southern and eastern Asia. Journal of Vegetation Science 1993;4(1):13-8.
39. Puff C, Chayamarit K. Chamchumroon V. Rubiaceae of Thailand: A Pictorial Guide to Indigenous and Cultivated Genera. Bangkok: Prachachon; 2005.
40. Rhodes BP, Conejo R, Benchawan T, Titus S, Lawson R. Palaeocurrents and provenance of the Mae Rim Formation, Northern Thailand: Implications for tectonic evolution of the Chiang Mai basin. Journal of the Geological Society 2005;162(1):51-63.
41. Ripley B, Venables B, Bates DM, Hornik K, Gebhardt A, Firth D, Ripley MB. Package ‘mass’. CRAN Repository; 2017.
42. Rueangruea S. Vegetation Structure of Montane Forest in Thailand [dissertation]. Bangkok: Kasetsart University; 2009.
43. Ruiz D, Moreno HA, Gutierrez ME, Zapata PA. Changing climate and endangered high mountain ecosystem in Colombia. Science of the Total Environment 2008;398(1):122-32.
44. Sahunalu P. Spatial distribution and size structure patterns of tree species in the long-term dynamic plots of Sakaerat deciduous dipterocarp forest, northeastern Thailand. Journal of Forest Management 2009;3(6):16-25.
45. Santisuk T. An Account of the Vegetation of Northern Thailand. Bangkok: Royal Forest Department; 2003.
46. Smitinand, T. Vegetation and Ground Covers of Thailand. Bangkok: Royal Forest Department; 2014.
47. Sri-Ngernyuang K, Kanzaki M, Mizuno T, Noguchi H, Teejuntuk S, Sungpalee C, Hara M, Yamakura T, Sahunalu P, Dhanmanonda P, Bunyavejchewin S. Habitat differentiation of Lauraceae species in a tropical lower montane forest in northern Thailand. Ecological Research 2003;18(1):1-14.
48. Sungpalee W. Some Ecological Characteristics of Deciduous Forests along the Altitudinal Gradients in Doi Inthanon National Park [dissertation]. Bangkok: Kasetsart University; 2002.
49. Tang CQ, Ohsawa M. Zonal transition of evergreen, deciduous, and coniferous forests along the altitudinal gradient on a humid subtropical mountain, Mt. Emei, Sichuan, China. Plant Ecology 1997;133(1):63-78.
50. Tarboton DG. A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models. Water Resources Research 1997;33(2):309-19.
51. Teejuntuk S. Soil and Plant Relationships along an Altitudinal Gradient in Doi Inthanon National Park, Northern Thailand [dissertation]. Bangkok: Kasetsart University; 2003.
52. Trisurat Y, Alkemade R. Arets E. Projecting forest tree distributions and adaptation to climate change in Northern Thailand. Journal of Ecology and Natural Environment 2009;1(3): 55-63.
53. Turner IM. The Ecological of Tree in The Tropical Rain Forest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
54. Ueda MU, Kachina P, Marod D, Nakashizuka T, Kurokawa H. Soil properties and gross nitrogen dynamics in old growth and secondary forest in four types of tropical forest in Thailand. Forest Ecology and Management 2017;398:130-9.
55. Valencia R, Foster RB, Villa G, Condit R, Svenning JC, Hernández C, Romoleroux K, Losos E, Magard E, Balslev H. Tree species distributions and local habitat variation in the Amazon: Large forest plot in eastern Ecuador. Journal of Ecology 2004;92(2):214-29.
56. Walthert L, Meier ES. Tree species distribution in temperate forests is more influenced by soil than by climate. Ecology and Evolution 2017;7(22):9473-84.
57. Weill A, Munkholm LJ. Describing soil structures, rooting and biological activity and recognizing tillage effects, damage and recovery in clayey and sandy soils. In: Ball BC, Munkholm LJ, editors. Visual Soil Evaluation: Realizing Potential Crop Production with Minimum Environmental Impact. Tarxien: Gutenberg Press; 2015. p. 1-13.
58. Whittaker RH. Communities and Ecosystem. 2nd ed. New York: McMil Publicaion; 1975.
59. Williams-Linera G. Soil seed banks in four lower montane forests of Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology 1993;9(3):321-37.
2. Asanok L, Marod D, Duengkae P, Pranmongkol U, Kurokawa H, Aiba M, Katabuchi M, Nakashizuka T. Relationships between functional traits and the ability of forest tree species to reestablish in secondary forest and enrichment plantations in the uplands of northern Thailand. Forest Ecology and Management 2013;296:9-23.
3. Asanok L, Kamyo T, Norsaengsri M, Salinla-um P, Rodrungruang K, Karnasuta N, Navakam S, Pattanakiat S, Marod D, Duengkae P, Kutintara U. Vegetation community and factors that affect the woody species composition of riparian forests growing in an urbanizing landscape along the Chao Phraya River, central Thailand. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 2017;28:138-49.
4. Ashton PS. Floristic zonation of tree communities on wet tropical mountains revisited. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 2003;6(1-2):87-104.
5. Austin MP. Spatial prediction of species distribution: An interface between ecological theory and statistical modelling. Ecological Modelling 2002;157(2-3):101-18.
6. Bacaro G, Rocchini D, Bonini I, Marignani M, Maccherini S, Chiarucci A. The role of regional and local scale predictors for plant species richness in Mediterranean forests. Plant Biosystems 2008;142(3):630-42.
7. Berhanu A, Demissew S, Woldu Z, Didita M. Woody species composition and structure of Kuandisha afromontane forest fragment in northwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Forestry Research 2017;28(2):343-55.
8. Bunyavejchewin S, Lafrankie JV, Baker PJ, Kanzaki M, Ashton PS, Yamakura T. Spatial distribution patterns of the dominant canopy dipterocarp species in a seasonal dry evergreen forest in Western Thailand. Forest Ecology and Management 2003;175:87-101.
9. Caillaud D, Crofoot MC, Scarpino SV, Jansen PA, Garzon-Lopez CX, Winkelhagen AJ, Bohlman SA, Walsh PD. Modeling the spatial distribution and fruiting pattern of a key tree species in a neotropical forest: Methodology and potential applications. PLoS One 2010;5(11):1-10.
10. Campos JB, Romagnolo MB, Souza MCD. Structure, composition and spatial distribution of tree species in a remnant of the semideciduous seasonal alluvial forest of the upper Paraná River floodplain. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 2000;43(2):185-94.
11. Charnsungnern M, Tantanasarit S. Environmental sustainability of highland agricultural land use patterns for Mae Raem and Mae Sa watersheds, Chiang Mai province. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 2017;38:169-74.
12. Condit R, Ashton PS, Manokaran N, LaFrankie JV, Hubbell SP, Foster RB. Dynamics of the forest communities at Pasoh and Barro Colorado: Comparing two 50-ha plots. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 1999;354(1391):1739-48.
13. Dallmeier F. Long-term Monitoring of Biological Diversity in Tropical Forest Areas: Methods for Establishment and Inventory of Permanent Plots. Paris, France: MAB Digest 11; 1992.
14. Dormann CF, Elith J, Bacher S, Buchman C, Carl G, Carré G, Marquéz JRG, Gruber B, Lafourcade B, Leitão PD. Collinearity: A review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography 2013;36:27-46.
15. Foster S, Janson CH. The relationship between seed size and establishment conditions in tropical woody plants. Ecology 1985;66(3):773-80.
16. Frelich LE. Forest Dynamics and Disturbance Regimes: Studies from Temperate Evergreen-Deciduous Forests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002.
17. Fukushima M, Kanzaki M, Hara M, Ohkubo T, Preechapanya P, Choocharoen C. Secondary forest succession after the cessation of swidden cultivation in the montane forest area in Northern Thailand. Forest Ecology and Management 2008;255(5):1994-2006.
18. Gardner S, Sidisunthorn P, Anusarnsunthorn V. A Field Guide to Forest Trees of Northern Thailand. Bangkok: Kobfai Publishing Project; 2000.
19. Guisan A, Weiss SB, Weiss AD. GLM versus CCA spatial modeling of plant species distribution. Plant Ecology 1999;143(1):107-22.
20. Guisan A, Zimmermann NE. Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecological Modelling 2000; 135;143-86.
21. Gradstein SR, Homeier J, Gansert D. The Tropical Mountain Forest; Patterns and Processes in a Biodiversity Hotspot. Neddersassen: Göttingen Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology; 2008.
22. Hara M, Kanzaki M, Mizuno T, Noguchi H, Sri-Ngernyuang K, Teejuntuk S, Sungpalee C, Ohkubo C. The floristic composition of tropical montane forest in Doi Inthanon National Park, North Thailand, with special reference to its phytogeographical relation with montane forests in Tropical Asia. Natural History Research 2002;7:1-17.
23. Harms KE, Condit R, Hubbell SP, Foster RB. Habitat associations of trees and shrubs in a 50-ha Neotropical forest plot. Journal of Ecology 2001;89(6):947-59.
24. Hermhuk S. Establishment of Plant Species along the Ecotone of Lower Montane Evergreen Forest at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province [dissertation]. Surat Thani: Kasetsart University; 2014.
25. Höfle R, Dullinger S, Essl F. Different factors affect the local distribution, persistence and spread of alien tree species in floodplain forests. Basic and Applied Ecology 2014;15(5):426-34.
26. Homeier J, Breckle SW, Günter S, Rollenbeck RT, Leuschner C. Tree diversity, forest structure and productivity along altitudinal and topographical gradients in a species-rich Ecuadorian montane rain forest. Biotropica 2010;42(2):140-8.
27. Jirakajohnkool S. ArcGIS 10.1 for Desktop. Bangkok: Thammasat University; 2009.
28. Khamyong S, Lykke AM, Seramethakun D, Barfod AS. Species composition and vegetation structure of an upper montane forest at the summit of Mt. Doi Inthanon, Thailand. Nordic Journal of Botany 2003;23(1):83-97.
29. Lan G, Hu Y, Cao M, Zhu H. Topography related spatial distribution of dominant tree species in a tropical seasonal rain forest in China. Forest Ecology and Management 2011; 262(8):1507-13.
30. Li L, Huang Z, Ye W, Cao H, Wei S, Wang Z, Lian J, Sun IF, Ma K, He, F. Spatial distributions of tree species in a subtropical forest of China. Oikos 2009;118(4):495-502.
31. Marchand P, Houle G. Spatial patterns of plant species richness along a forest edge: What are their determinants? Forest Ecology and Management 2006;223:113-24.
32. Marod D, Kutintara U, Tanaka H, Nakashizuka T. The effects of drought and fire on seed and seedling dynamics in a tropical seasonal forest in Thailand. Plant Ecology 2002;161(1):41-57.
33. Marod D, Sangkaew S, Panmongkal A, Jingjai A. Influences of environmental factors on tree distribution of lower montane evergreen forest at Doi Sutep-Pui National park, Chiang Mai Province. Thai Journal of Forestry 2014;33(3):23-33.
34. Marod D, Thimkhomphang S, Panmhongkol A, Hermhuk S. Tree distribution across the forest ecotone of lower montane forest at Doi Sutep - Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Thai Journal of Forestry 2015;34(3):99-108.
35. Martin HP, Sherman RE, Fahey TJ. Tropical montane forest ecotone: Climate gradients, natural disturbance and vegetation zonation in the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic. Journal of Biogeography 2007;34(10):1792-806.
36. National Soil Survey Center. Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. Washington: Natural Resources Conservation Service; 1996.
37. Odum EP. Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1959.
38. Ohsawa M. Latitudinal pattern of mountain vegetation zonation in southern and eastern Asia. Journal of Vegetation Science 1993;4(1):13-8.
39. Puff C, Chayamarit K. Chamchumroon V. Rubiaceae of Thailand: A Pictorial Guide to Indigenous and Cultivated Genera. Bangkok: Prachachon; 2005.
40. Rhodes BP, Conejo R, Benchawan T, Titus S, Lawson R. Palaeocurrents and provenance of the Mae Rim Formation, Northern Thailand: Implications for tectonic evolution of the Chiang Mai basin. Journal of the Geological Society 2005;162(1):51-63.
41. Ripley B, Venables B, Bates DM, Hornik K, Gebhardt A, Firth D, Ripley MB. Package ‘mass’. CRAN Repository; 2017.
42. Rueangruea S. Vegetation Structure of Montane Forest in Thailand [dissertation]. Bangkok: Kasetsart University; 2009.
43. Ruiz D, Moreno HA, Gutierrez ME, Zapata PA. Changing climate and endangered high mountain ecosystem in Colombia. Science of the Total Environment 2008;398(1):122-32.
44. Sahunalu P. Spatial distribution and size structure patterns of tree species in the long-term dynamic plots of Sakaerat deciduous dipterocarp forest, northeastern Thailand. Journal of Forest Management 2009;3(6):16-25.
45. Santisuk T. An Account of the Vegetation of Northern Thailand. Bangkok: Royal Forest Department; 2003.
46. Smitinand, T. Vegetation and Ground Covers of Thailand. Bangkok: Royal Forest Department; 2014.
47. Sri-Ngernyuang K, Kanzaki M, Mizuno T, Noguchi H, Teejuntuk S, Sungpalee C, Hara M, Yamakura T, Sahunalu P, Dhanmanonda P, Bunyavejchewin S. Habitat differentiation of Lauraceae species in a tropical lower montane forest in northern Thailand. Ecological Research 2003;18(1):1-14.
48. Sungpalee W. Some Ecological Characteristics of Deciduous Forests along the Altitudinal Gradients in Doi Inthanon National Park [dissertation]. Bangkok: Kasetsart University; 2002.
49. Tang CQ, Ohsawa M. Zonal transition of evergreen, deciduous, and coniferous forests along the altitudinal gradient on a humid subtropical mountain, Mt. Emei, Sichuan, China. Plant Ecology 1997;133(1):63-78.
50. Tarboton DG. A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models. Water Resources Research 1997;33(2):309-19.
51. Teejuntuk S. Soil and Plant Relationships along an Altitudinal Gradient in Doi Inthanon National Park, Northern Thailand [dissertation]. Bangkok: Kasetsart University; 2003.
52. Trisurat Y, Alkemade R. Arets E. Projecting forest tree distributions and adaptation to climate change in Northern Thailand. Journal of Ecology and Natural Environment 2009;1(3): 55-63.
53. Turner IM. The Ecological of Tree in The Tropical Rain Forest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
54. Ueda MU, Kachina P, Marod D, Nakashizuka T, Kurokawa H. Soil properties and gross nitrogen dynamics in old growth and secondary forest in four types of tropical forest in Thailand. Forest Ecology and Management 2017;398:130-9.
55. Valencia R, Foster RB, Villa G, Condit R, Svenning JC, Hernández C, Romoleroux K, Losos E, Magard E, Balslev H. Tree species distributions and local habitat variation in the Amazon: Large forest plot in eastern Ecuador. Journal of Ecology 2004;92(2):214-29.
56. Walthert L, Meier ES. Tree species distribution in temperate forests is more influenced by soil than by climate. Ecology and Evolution 2017;7(22):9473-84.
57. Weill A, Munkholm LJ. Describing soil structures, rooting and biological activity and recognizing tillage effects, damage and recovery in clayey and sandy soils. In: Ball BC, Munkholm LJ, editors. Visual Soil Evaluation: Realizing Potential Crop Production with Minimum Environmental Impact. Tarxien: Gutenberg Press; 2015. p. 1-13.
58. Whittaker RH. Communities and Ecosystem. 2nd ed. New York: McMil Publicaion; 1975.
59. Williams-Linera G. Soil seed banks in four lower montane forests of Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology 1993;9(3):321-37.