Pine Needle Energy Potential in Conifer Forest of Western Himalayan DOI: 10.32526/ennrj.18.1.2020.06
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Published:
Sep 24, 2019
Keywords:
Pine needles Estimation Conifer forest Himalayan
Main Article Content
Abstract
The present study estimates the energy potential of pine needles in the western Himalayan territory. Both a single point estimation approach and tree-canopy density approach were carried out to determine the net annual pine needle litterfall for different types of conifer forest. The annual net and gross pine needles yield in the year 2018 have been estimated to be 67.99 million tonnes and 59.02 million tonnes respectively. It provides an annual primary energy (APE) potential in electric and thermal energy form. The calculated thermal energy varied from 1.16-1.34 pJ which can provide a backup of 0.09-0.1 billion kWh. Thus, the pine needle offers a source of renewable fuel with excellent combustion characteristics of 18.64 MJ/kg. Additionally, the massive pine needles would result in a net increment of economic energy to the Himalayan regions and also control the threats of forest fires and, most importantly, scale-down the environmental pollution.
Article Details
How to Cite
Sharma, V., & Kamal Sharma, R. (2019). Pine Needle Energy Potential in Conifer Forest of Western Himalayan: DOI: 10.32526/ennrj.18.1.2020.06. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 18(1), 55–65. Retrieved from https://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ennrj/article/view/217725
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Original Research Articles
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References
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32. Khan MS, Shah W, Hussain A, Masaud S. Height growth, diameter increment and age relationship response to sustainable volume of subtropical Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) forest of Karaker Barikot forest. Pure and Applied Biology 2016;5(4):760-7.
33. Sairorkham B. Stagnation of community forest management: A case study of Nam Kian Sub-District, Phupiang district, Nan Province. Environment and Natural Resources Journal 2014;12(1):80-94.
34. Sedpho S, Sampattagul S. Exergetic evaluation of renewability for renewable electricity generation in Thailand. Environment and Natural Resources Journal 2015;13(1):39-46.
35. Shackleton CM. Growth patterns of Pterocarpus angolensisin savannas of the South African lowveld. Forest Ecology Management 2002;166:85-97.
36. Sharma KR, Lekha C. Tapping of Pinus roxburghii (Chir pine) for Oleoresin in Himachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Advances in Forestry Letters 2013;2(3):51-5.
37. Sharma V, Sharma RK. Fluidized bed combustion: Technology for efficient utilization of biomass residues. Proceeding of the Society of Materials and Mechanical Engineers: International Conference on Advancements and Futuristic Trends in Mechanical and Materials Engineering; 2018 Nov 15-17; Asian journal of engineering and applied technology, Hoshiarpur: India; 2018.
38. Sharma RK, Mohapatra SK. Thermo-economic analysis of a biomass-fired bubbling fluidised bed thermal power plant. International Journal of Exergy 2016;21(1):1-20.
39. Tiwari SP, Kumar P, Yadav D, Chauhan DK. Comparative morphological, epidermal, and anatomical studies of Pinus roxburghii needles at different altitudes in the North-West Indian Himalayas. Turkish Journal of Botany 2013;37(1):65-73.
40. Wu W. Derivation of tree canopy cover by multiscale remote sensing approach. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 2012;38(4):142-9.
41. Zhu X, Liua W, Chenc H, Dengh Y, Chena C, Zenga H. Effects of forest transition on litterfall, standing litter and related nutrient returns: Implications for forest management in tropical China. Geoderma 2019;333(1):123-34.
2. Bilgen S, Sarıkaya I. Utilization of forestry and agricultural wastes. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects 2016;38(23):3484-90.
3. Bisht AS, Kumar SR. Use of pine needle in energy generation. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 2014;2(11):59-63.
4. Bisht MS, Singh D, Kumar MR. Pine needles a source of energy for Himalayan region. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research 2014;3(12):161-4.
5. Dhaundiyal A, Gupta VK. The analysis of pine needles as a substrate for gasification. Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 2014;15:73-81.
6. Dhaundiyal A, Tewari PC. Comparative analysis of pine needles and coal for electricity generation using carbon taxation and emission reductions. Acta Technologica Agriculture 2015;18(2):29-35.
7. Eskin N, Hepbasli A. Development and applications of clean coal fluidized bed technology. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects 2006;28(12):1085-97.
8. Ferguson DE, Carlson CE. Height-age relationships for regeneration-size trees in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Fort Collins, US Department of Agriculture: Rocky Mountain Research Station; 2010.
9. Dasgupta S, Sharma SD, Nautiyal R, Chauhan AS, Singh S. Forestry statistics India 2011- New forest, Uttrakhand. Division of Statistics: Indian Council of forestry Research and Education; 2011.
10. Gill SJ, Biging GS, Murphy EC. Modeling conifer tree crown radius and estimating canopy cover. Forest Ecology and Management 2000;126(3):405-16.
11. Given PH, Weldon D, Zoeller JH. Calculation of calorific values of coals from ultimate analyses: Theoretical basis and geochemical implications. Fuel 1986;65(6):849-54.
12. Gonzalez-Benecke CA, Gezen SA, Samuelson LJ, Cropper WP, Leduc DJ, Martin TA. Estimating Pinus palustris tree diameter and stem volume from tree height, crown area and stand-level parameters. Journal of Forestry Research 2014;25(1):43-52.
13. Gupta RK. Himachal forest statistics 2013. Forest Department, Himachal Pradesh 2013:1-65.
14. Jain N, Bhatia A, Pathak H. Emission of air pollutants from crop residue burning in India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 2014;14:422-30.
15. Joseph S, Anitha K, Murthy MSR. Forest fire in India: A review of the knowledge base. Journal of Forest Research 2009;14(3):127-34.
16. Joshi UC, Singh Y, Singh SA. Review on pine needle and its potential to develop energy. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 2017;8(12):229-35.
17. Kala LD, Subbarao PMV. Estimation of pine needle availability in the Central Himalayan state of Uttarakhand, India for use as energy feedstock. Renewable Energy 2018;128:9-19.
18. Klass DL. Biomass for renewable energy and fuels. Encyclopedia of Energy 2004;1:193-212.
19. Lal PS, Sharma A, Bist V. Pine needle - An evaluation of pulp and paper making potential. Journal of Forest Products and Industries 2013;2(3):42-7.
20. Mahajan R, Nikitina A, Litti Y, Nozhevnikova A, Goel G. Autochthonous microbial community associated with pine needle forest litterfall influences its degradation under natural environmental conditions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2016;188(7):1-10.
21. Malik A, Mohapatra SK. Biomass-based gasifiers for internal combustion (IC) engines: A review. Sadhana-Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences 2013;38(3):461-76.
22. McKendry P. Energy production from biomass (part 1): Overview of biomass. Bioresource Technology 2002;83(1):37-46.
23. Nhuchhen DR, Salam PA. Estimation of higher heating value of biomass from proximate analysis: A new approach. Fuel 2012;99:55-63.
24. Nunes LJR, Matias JC, Catalão JPS. Biomass combustion systems: A review on the physical and chemical properties of the ashes. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016;53:235-42.
25. Pandey S, Dhakal RP. Pine needle briquettes: A renewable source of energy. International Journal of Energy Science 2013;3(3):254-60.
26. Parikh J, Channiwala SA, Ghosal GK. A correlation for calculating HHV from proximate analysis of solid fuels. Fuel 2005;84:487-94.
27. Phrommarat B. Life cycle assessment of ground coffee and comparison of different brewing life cycle assessment of ground coffee and comparison of different brewing methods: A case study of organic Arabica coffee in northern Thailand. Environment and Natural Resources Journal 2019;17(2):96-108.
28. Polphan S, Phongkhieo NT, Chimchome V. Impacts from forest area utilization of local communities to habitat utilization of wildlife: A case study of Kaeng Krachan national park. Environment and Natural Resources Journal 2009;7(1):84-93.
29. Puri A, Srivastava AK, Singhal B, Mishra SK, Srivastava S, Lakshmi V. Antidyslipidemic and antioxidant activity of Pinus roxburghii needles. Medicinal Chemistry Research 2011;20(9):1589-93.
30. Rawat S, Upreti DK, Singh RP. Estimation of epiphytic lichen litter fall biomass in three temperate forests of Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, India. Tropical Ecology 2011;52(2):193-200.
31. Runyan CW, Odorico PD, Shobe W. The economic impacts of positive feedbacks resulting from deforestation. Ecological Economics 2015;120:93-9.
32. Khan MS, Shah W, Hussain A, Masaud S. Height growth, diameter increment and age relationship response to sustainable volume of subtropical Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) forest of Karaker Barikot forest. Pure and Applied Biology 2016;5(4):760-7.
33. Sairorkham B. Stagnation of community forest management: A case study of Nam Kian Sub-District, Phupiang district, Nan Province. Environment and Natural Resources Journal 2014;12(1):80-94.
34. Sedpho S, Sampattagul S. Exergetic evaluation of renewability for renewable electricity generation in Thailand. Environment and Natural Resources Journal 2015;13(1):39-46.
35. Shackleton CM. Growth patterns of Pterocarpus angolensisin savannas of the South African lowveld. Forest Ecology Management 2002;166:85-97.
36. Sharma KR, Lekha C. Tapping of Pinus roxburghii (Chir pine) for Oleoresin in Himachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Advances in Forestry Letters 2013;2(3):51-5.
37. Sharma V, Sharma RK. Fluidized bed combustion: Technology for efficient utilization of biomass residues. Proceeding of the Society of Materials and Mechanical Engineers: International Conference on Advancements and Futuristic Trends in Mechanical and Materials Engineering; 2018 Nov 15-17; Asian journal of engineering and applied technology, Hoshiarpur: India; 2018.
38. Sharma RK, Mohapatra SK. Thermo-economic analysis of a biomass-fired bubbling fluidised bed thermal power plant. International Journal of Exergy 2016;21(1):1-20.
39. Tiwari SP, Kumar P, Yadav D, Chauhan DK. Comparative morphological, epidermal, and anatomical studies of Pinus roxburghii needles at different altitudes in the North-West Indian Himalayas. Turkish Journal of Botany 2013;37(1):65-73.
40. Wu W. Derivation of tree canopy cover by multiscale remote sensing approach. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 2012;38(4):142-9.
41. Zhu X, Liua W, Chenc H, Dengh Y, Chena C, Zenga H. Effects of forest transition on litterfall, standing litter and related nutrient returns: Implications for forest management in tropical China. Geoderma 2019;333(1):123-34.