Characterization and Adsorption Mechanism of Methylene Blue Dye by Mesoporous Activated Carbon Prepared from Rice Husks 10.32526/ennrj/21/20230074
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Environmental contamination due to synthetic dyes is a severe problem due to their adverse eco-toxicological effects. This study prepared activated carbon from H3PO4-activated rice husks (AC-RH) to adsorb methylene blue (MB) and predicted the adsorption mechanism. The AC-RH was characterized for N2 adsorption, surface functional groups, chemical compositions, and surface morphology. The activated carbon was classified to be a mesoporous material because 87% of its pore volume diameters are 3-50 nm. MB adsorption was studied under different conditions. Optimal MB adsorption occurred at pH 8, and the ideal equilibrium time was 360 min. The equilibrium adsorption was evaluated at concentrations of MB between 25 and 200 mg/L at 30°C. The Freundlich isotherm model matched the equilibrium data, and the greatest adsorption capacity of the Langmuir isotherm was 26.31 mg/g. The kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption was pseudo-second-order, and its rate constant (k2) was higher at higher temperatures. For the thermodynamic adsorption study at 20 to 40°C, the Gibbs free energy (DG) values were -6.291 to -9.197 kJ/mol, and the activation energy (Ea) was 26.248 kJ/mol: therefore, the methylene blue adsorption was spontaneous and physical. This study also revealed that the adsorption mechanisms were H-bonding, pore-filling, Yoshida H-bonding, n-p interactions, electrostatic, and cation exchange.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Published articles are under the copyright of the Environment and Natural Resources Journal effective when the article is accepted for publication thus granting Environment and Natural Resources Journal all rights for the work so that both parties may be protected from the consequences of unauthorized use. Partially or totally publication of an article elsewhere is possible only after the consent from the editors.
References
Ahiduzzaman Md, Sadrul Islam AKM. Preparation of porous biochar and activated carbon from rice husk by leaching ash and chemical activation. Springerplus 2016;5(1):Article No. 1248.
Al-Asadi ST, Al-Qaim FF, Al-Saedi, HFS, Deyab IF, Kamyab H, Chelliapan S. Adsorption of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using low-cost adsorbent: Kinetic, isotherm adsorption, and thermodynamic studies. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2023;195:Article No. 676
Al-Ghouti MA, Al-Absi RS. Mechanistic understanding of adsorption and thermodynamic aspects of cationic methylene blue dye onto cellulosic olive stones biomass from wastewater. Scientific Reports 2020;10:Article No. 15928.
Alau KK, Gimba CE, Agbaji BE, Abeche SE. Structural and microstructural properties of Neem husk and seed carbon activated with zinc chloride and phosphoric acid. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 2015;7(3):2470-9.
Amin MT, Alazba AA, Shafiq M. Effective adsorption of methylene blue dye using activated carbon developed from rosemary plant: Isotherm and kinetic studies. Desalination and Water Treatment 2017;74:336-45.
Bakdash RS, Aljundi IH, Basheer C, Abdulazeez I. Rice husk derived Aminated Silica for the efficient adsorption of different gases. Scientific Reports 2020;10:Article No. 19526.
Banuprabha TR, Karthikeyan A, Kalyani P. Evaluation and application of phytomass derived activated carbons as electrodes for coin cell supercapacitors. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 2021;16:Article No. 211251.
Cychosz KA, Thommes M. Progress in the physisorption characterization of nanoporous gas storage materials. Engineering 2018;4:559-65.
El-Bindary MA, El-Desouky MG, El-Bindary AA. Adsorption of industrial dye from aqueous solutions onto thermally treated green adsorbent: A complete batch system evaluation. Journal of Molecular Liquids 2021;346:Article No. 117082.
El-Sayed GO, Yehia MM, Asaad AA. Assessment of activated carbon prepared from corncob by chemical activation with phosphoric acid. Water Resources and Industry 2014;7-8:66-75.
Faria PCC, Orfao JJM, Pereira MFR. Adsorption of anionic and cationic dyes on activated carbons with different surface chemistries. Water Research 2004;38(8):2043-52.
Han Q, Wang J, Goodman BA. High adsorption of methylene blue by activated carbon prepared from phosphoric acid treated eucalyptus residue. Powder Technology 2020;366:239-48.
Han X, Niu X, Ma X. Adsorption characteristics of methylene blue on poplar leaf in batch mode: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 2012;107(3):494-502.
Hasani N, Selimi T, Mele A, Thaçi V, Halili J, Berisha A, et al. Theoretical, equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic investigations of methylene blue adsorption onto lignite coal. Molecules 2022;27(6):Article No. 1856.
Hazzaa R, Hussein M. Cationic dye removal by sugarcane bagasse activated carbon from aqueous solution. Global NEST Journal 2015;17(4):784-95.
Hongo T, Moriura M, Hatada Y, Abiko H. Simultaneous methylene blue adsorption and pH neutralization of contaminated water by rice husk ash. ACS Omega 2021;6:21604-12.
Horsfall Jnr M, Spiff AI. Effects o temperature on the sorption of Pb2+and Cd2+ from aqueous solution by Caladium biochar (Wild Cocoyam) biomass. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 2005;8(2):43-50.
Hossain SK S, Mathur L, Roy PK. Rice husk/rice husk ash as an alternative source of silica in ceramics: A review. Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies 2018;6(4):299-313.
Hu L, Yang Z, Wang Y, Li Y, Fan D, Wu D, et al. Facile preparation of water soluble hyperbranched polyamine functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for high-efficiency organic dye removal room aqueous solution. Scientific Reports 2017;7(1):Article No. 3611.
Inglezakis VJ, Zorpas AA. Heat of adsorption, adsorption energy and activation energy in adsorption and ion exchange systems. Desalination and Water Treatment 2012;39:149-57.
Islam MA, Tan IAW, Benhouria A, Asif M, Hameed BH. Mesoporous and adsorptive properties of palm date seed activated carbon prepared via sequential hydrothermal carbonization and sodium hydroxide activation. Chemical Engineering Journal 2015;270:187-95.
İzgi MS, Saka C, Baytar O, Saraçoğlu G, Şahin Ö. Preparation and characterization of activated Carbon from microwave and conventional heated almond shells using phosphoric acid activation. Analytical Letters 2018;52(5):772-89.
Jawad AH, Rashid RM, Ismail K, Sabar S. High surface area mesoporous activated carbon developed from coconut leaf by chemical activation with H3PO4 for adsorption of methylene blue. Desalination and Water Treatment 2017;74:326-35.
Khuluk RH, Rahmat A, Buhani B, Suharso S. Removal of methylene blue by adsorption onto activated carbon from coconut shell (Cocous Nucifera L.). Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 2019;4(2):229-40.
Kumar A, Jena HM. Preparation and characterization of high surface area activated carbon from Fox nut (Euryale ferox) shell by chemical activation with H3PO4. Results in Physics 2016;6:651-8.
Liu L, Deng G, Shi X. Adsorption characteristics and mechanism of p-nitrophenol by pine sawdust biochar samples produced at different pyrolysis temperatures. Scientific Reports 2020; 10:Article No. 5149.
Liu QS, Zheng T, Li N, Wang P, Abulikemu G. Modification of bamboo-based activated carbon using microwave radiation and its effects on the adsorption of methylene blue. Applied Surface Science 2010;256(10):3309-15.
Ma J, Yu F, Zhou L, Jin L, Yang M, Luan J, et al. Enhanced adsorptive removal of methyl orange and methylene blue from aqueous solution by alkali-activated multiwalled carbon nanotubes. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 2012; 4:5749-90.
Mansour RAE, Simeda MG, Zaatout AA. Removal of brilliant green dye from synthetic wastewater under batch mode using chemically activated date pit carbon. RSC Advances 2021;11:7851-61.
Patawat C, Silakate K, Chuan-Udom S, Supanchaiyamat N, Hunt AJ, Ngernyen Y. Preparation of activated carbon from Dipterocarpus alatus fruit and its application for methylene blue adsorption. RSC Advances 2020;10:21082-91.
Pathania D, Sharma S, Singh P. Removal of methylene blue by adsorption onto activated carbon developed from Ficus carica bast. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 2017;10(1):1445-51.
Puziy AM, Poddubnaya OI, Martınez-Alonso A, Suarez-Garcıa F, Tascon JMD. Synthetic carbons activated with phosphoric acid: I. Surface chemistry and ion binding properties. Carbon 2002;40(9):1493-505.
Serafin J, Dziejarski B, Junior OFC, Srenscek-Nazzal J. Design of highly microporous activated carbons based on walnut shell biomass for H2 and CO2 storage. Carbon 2023;201:633-47.
Sharma YC, Uma. Optimization of parameters for adsorption of methylene blue on a low‐cost activated carbon. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data 2010;55,435-9.
Shrestha LK, Thapa M, Shrestha RG, Maji S, Pradhananga RR, Ariga K. Rice husk-derived high surface area nanoporous carbon materials with excellent iodine and methylene blue adsorption properties. Journal of Carbon Research 2019;5(1):Article No. 10.
Thang NH, Khang DS, Hai TD, Nga DT, Tuan PD. Methylene blue adsorption mechanism of activated carbon synthesized from cashew nut shells. RSC Advances 2021;11:26563-70.
Tran HN, You S-J, Chao HP. Insight into adsorption mechanism of cationic dye onto agricultural residues-derived hydrochars: Negligible role of - interaction. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 2017;34(6):1708-20.
Uner O, Geçgl Ü, Bayrak Y. Adsorption of methylene blue by an efficient activated carbon prepared from Citrullus lanatus rind: Kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic, and mechanism analysis. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 2016;227:Article No. 247.
Unugul T, Nigiz FU. Preparation and characterization an active carbon adsorbent from waste mandarin peel and determination of adsorption behavior on removal of synthetic dye solutions. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 2020;231:Article No. 538.
Wantaneeyakul N, Kositkanawuth K, Turn SQ, Fu J. Investigation of biochar production from copyrolysis of rice husk and plastic. ACS Omega 2021;6(43):28890-902.
Wazir AH, Wazir IU, Wazir AM. Preparation and characterization of rice husk based physical activated carbon. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 2020;11:Article No. 1715512.
Wu FC, Liu BL, Wu KT, Tseng RL. A new linear form analysis of Redlich-Peterson isotherm equation for the adsorption of dyes. Chemical Engineering Journal 2010;162:21-7.
Xu L, Pan C, Li S, Yin C, Zhu J, Pan Y, et al. Electrostatic self-assembly synthesis of three-dimensional mesoporous lepidocrocite-type layered sodium titanate as a superior adsorbent for selective removal of cationic dyes via an ion-exchange mechanism. Langmuir 2021;37(19):6080-95.
Yakout SM, Sharaf El-Deen G. Characterization of activated carbon prepared by phosphoric acid activation of olive stones. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 2016;9(2):1155-62.
Zazouli MA, Azari A, Dehghan S, Salmani Malekkolae R. Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution onto activated carbons developed from eucalyptus bark and Crataegus oxyacantha core. Water Science and Technology 2016;74(9):2021-35.
Zhu Y, Yi B, Yuan Q, Wu Y, Wang M, Yan S. Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by cattle manure derived low-temperature biochar. RSC Advances 2018; 8:19917-29.
Ziezio M, Charmas B, Jedynak K, Hawryluk M, Kucio K. Preparation and characterization of activated carbons obtained from the waste materials impregnated with phosphoric acid(V). Applied Nanoscience 2020;10:4703-16.