Assessment of Wood Properties of Hevea brasiliensis Clones Grown in Zamboanga Sibugay Philippines for their Potential Applications 10.32526/ennrj/24/20250060
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The potential utilization of 25 year old rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis [Wild. ex A.Juss.] Müll. Arg.) clones (PB 260 and RRIM 600) were assessed based on their anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties. Anatomical features were evaluated using IAWA standards, while physical and mechanical properties were determined following ASTM D143-2019. Five trees per clone were collected from Naga, Zamboanga Sibugay. Results showed that PB 260 exhibited fiber dimensions significantly greater than RRIM 600, with 6.42% longer fibers, 9.42% larger fiber diameters, and 22.47% wider lumens. However, PB 260 had thinner cell walls by 13.33%. Vessel dimensions of PB 260 were also significantly higher, with 14.05% longer and 11.83% wider vessels. For physical properties, RRIM 600 showed higher basic relative density (0.53), tangential shrinkage (4.91%), and volumetric shrinkage (7.58%) compared to PB 260 (0.48, 4.52, and 7.21%, respectively). However, PB 260 had higher green moisture content (126.14%) than RRIM 600 (102.15%). Mechanical testing revealed RRIM 600 had higher strength, attributed to its higher basic relative density and thicker cell wall thickness. RRIM 600 is recommended for construction, flooring, and cabinetry, while PB 260 is suitable for medium grade furniture, carving, and pallets. The study highlights the potential of H. brasiliensis clones as alternative raw materials for the Philippine wood industry.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Published articles are under the copyright of the Environment and Natural Resources Journal effective when the article is accepted for publication thus granting Environment and Natural Resources Journal all rights for the work so that both parties may be protected from the consequences of unauthorized use. Partially or totally publication of an article elsewhere is possible only after the consent from the editors.
References
Aiso H, Ishiguri F, Toyoizumi T, Ohshima J, Iizuka K, Priadi D, et al. Anatomical, chemical, and physical characteristics of tension wood in two tropical fast-growing species, Falcataria moluccana and Acacia auriculiformis. Tropics 2016;25(1):33-41.
Alipon MA, Bondad EO, Cayabyab PC. Relative Density of Philippine Woods. College, Laguna, Philippines: Forest Products Research and Development Institute; 2005.
Alipon MA, Bondad EO, Gilbero DM, Jimenez JP, Emmanuel PD, Marasigan OS. Anatomical properties and utilization of 3-, 5-, and 7-yr-old Falcata (Falcataria moluccana Miq. Barneby and J.W. Grimes) from CARAGA Region, Mindanao, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science 2021;150(5):1307-19.
Alipon MA, Bondad EO. Strength Grouping of Philippine Timbers for Various Uses. College, Laguna, Philippines: Forest Products Research and Development Institute; 2008.
Allwi NZ, Abdul Halip J, Sabtu NS. Assessment of rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) clones properties for the Malaysian furniture industry. The Malaysian Forester 2021;84(1):94-113.
American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM). Standard Methods of Testing Small Clear Specimens of Timber (ASTM Designation: D143-52: Part 16:30). Philadelphia, PA.: ASTM; 2019.
Amorim EP, Menucelli JR, Germano AD, Freitas RFP, Barbosa JA, Paula FA, et al. Technological potential of fibers from 20 Hevea brasiliensis clones for use as pulp, paper, and composite materials. Research, Society and Development 2021; 10(10):e549101019102.
Ayrilmis N, Akbulut T, Yurtta SE. Effects of core layer fiber size and face-to-face core layer ratio on the properties of three-layered fiberboard. BioResources 2017;12:7964-74.
De Lima IL, Moreira IV, Ranzini M, Longui EL, Cambuim J, Moraes MLT, et al. Physical and anatomical properties of Hevea brasiliensis clones. Ciencia y Tecnologia 2023; 25(20):1-12.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Forest Management Bureau (DENR-FMB). Philippine Forestry Statistics. Diliman, Quezon City: DENR; 2023.
Department of Science and Technology-Forest Products Research and Development Institute (DOST-FPRDI). Monograph on Production and Utilization of Philippine Bamboos. Los Baños, Philippines: DOST-FPRDI; 2007.
Dinwoodie JM. Timber: Its Nature and Behavior. 2nd ed. London: Taylor and Francis Group; 2000. p. 272.
Eufrade HJ Jr, Ohto JM, da Silva LL, Palma HAL, Ballarin AW. Potential of rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) for structural use after the period of latex extraction: A case study in Brazil. Journal of Wood Science 2015;61:384-90.
Franklin GL. Preparation of thin sections of synthetic resins and woody resin composites and a new method for wood. Nature 1945;155:51-7.
Hamdan H, Nordahlia AS, Anwar UMK, Iskandar MM, Omar MKM, Tumirah K. Anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties of four pioneer species in Malaysia. Journal of Wood Science 2020;66:Article No. 59.
Hartono R, Purba FVA, Iswanto A, Priadi T, Sutiawan J. Fiber quality of yellow bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris vitata) from forest area with special purpose Pondok, Buluh, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatera Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2022;1115:Article No. 012084.
Izani MAN, Sahri MH. Wood and cellular properties of four new Hevea species. Proceedings of the FORTROP II International Conference; 2008 Nov 17-20; Bangkok, Thailand; 2008.
Madsen B, Brondsted P, Andersen TL. Biobased composites: Materials and potential applications as wind turbine blade materials. In: Advances in Wind Turbine Blade Design and Materials. Amazon; 2013. p. 363-86.
Mag-Aso J, Garcia FG. Productivity from the different rubber-based farming system models in Cotabato Province, Philippines. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2021;892:Article No. 012019.
Marasigan OS, Mundin MMA. Physico-mechanical properties and potential utilization of Melia azedarach L. grown in Quezon Province, the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science 2024;153(4):1429-41.
Marasigan OS, Razal RA, Carandang WM, Alipon MA. Physical and mechanical properties of stems and branches of Falcata (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby and J.W. Grimes) grown in Caraga, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science 2022;151(2):575-86.
Nagarajaganesh B, Rekha B. Intrinsic cellulosic fiber architecture and their effect on the mechanical properties of hybrid composites. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 2020;20:Article No. 125.
Naji HR, Bakar ES, Sahri MH, Soltani M, Abdul Hamid H, Ebadi SE. Variation in mechanical properties of two rubberwood clones in relation to planting density. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 2014;26(4):503-12.
Nordahlia AS, Anwar UMK, Hamdan H, Zaidon A, Mohd Omar MK. Mechanical properties of 10-year-old sentang (Azadirachta excelsa) grown from vegetative propagation. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 2014;26(2):240-8.
Okon KE. Relationship between fibre dimensional characteristics and shrinkage behavior in a 25-year-old Gmelina arborea in Oluwa Forest Reserve, South West Nigeria. Applied Science Research 2014;6:50-7.
Onakpoma I, Ogunsanwo OY, Ohwo OA, Raut S, Aguma Q, Schimleck LR, et al. Rubberwood-Potential for pulp and composite board utilization. Forests 2023;14(9):Article No. 1722.
Panshin A, De Zeeuw C. Textbook of Wood Technology. 4th ed. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Book Company; 1980. p. 722.
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). Other Crops: Area Planted/Harvested, by Region and by Province, 1990-2019 [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2024 Dec 27]. Available from: https://openstat.psa.gov.ph/.
Plants of the World Online (POWO). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Dec 27]. Available from: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/.
Pulkkinen I, Alopaeus V, Fiskari J, Joutsimo O. The use of fibre wall thickness data to predict handsheet properties of eucalypt pulp fibres. O Papel 2008;69:71-85.
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Dec 27]. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/.
Riki JTB, Sotandde OA, Oluwadare AO. Anatomical and chemical properties of wood and their practical implications in pulp and paper production: A review. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment 2019;11:358-68.
Riyaphan J, Phumchai T, Neimsuwan T, Witayakran S, Sungsing K, Kaveeta R, et al. Variability in chemical and mechanical properties of Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) trees. Science Asia 2015;41:251-8.
Sharma AK, Dutt D, Upadhyaya JS, Roy TK. Anatomical, morphological, and chemical characterization of Bambusa tulda, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Bambusa balcooa, Malocana baccifera, Bambusa arundinaceae, and Eucalyptus tereticornis. BioResources 2011;6(4):5062-73.
Shmulsky R, Jones PD. Forest Products and Wood Science: An Introduction. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 2019.
Sseremba OE, Mugabi P, Banana AY. Within-tree and tree-age variation of selected anatomical properties of the wood of Uganda-grown Eucalyptus grandis. Forest Products Journal 2016;66:433-42.
Suansa NI, Al-Mefarrej HA. Branch wood properties and potential utilization of this variable resource. BioResources 2020;15(1):479-91.
Teoh YP, Don MM, Ujang S. Assessment of properties, utilization, and preservation of rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis): A case study in Malaysia. Journal of Wood Science 2011;57:255-66.
Van Duong D, Schimleck L, Tai Tien D, Chu Van T. Radial variation in cell morphology of Melia azedarach planted in Northern Vietnam. Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnología 2021;23(7):1-10.
Wessels CB, Crafford PL, Du Toit B, Grahn T, Johansson M, Lundqvist SO, et al. Variation in physical and lumber properties from three drought-tolerant Eucalyptus species grown on the dry west coast of Southern Africa. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 2016;74:563-75.
Wheeler EA, Baas P, Gasson PE. IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. IAWA Bulletin 1989;10(3):219-332.
