Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics of Small Inhabited Islands in South Bangka, Bangka Belitung, Indonesia (2004-2024) 10.32526/ennrj/24/20250333
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Abstract
Anthropogenic land use and cover changes pose a significant threat to small island ecosystems, yet systematic monitoring remains limited. This study analyzes LULC dynamics over 20 years (2004-2024) on three inhabited islands in South Bangka, Bangka Belitung, Indonesia. The objectives were to assess LULC changes, evaluate their impacts on biodiversity, and examine the effectiveness of existing policies using multi-temporal Landsat and Sentinel-2 imagery. The supervised classification achieved an overall accuracy of 85.3-91.2% with Kappa coefficients of 0.82-0.89, indicating substantial to nearly perfect agreement. The results revealed distinct transformation patterns across the islands. Tinggi Island demonstrated resilience through the recovery of secondary dryland forests (from 68.52 ha to 113.48 ha), despite the presence of illegal tin mining activities that created artificial wetland systems. In contrast, Kelapan Island faced severe degradation, with extensive forest loss and habitat fragmentation. This resulted in a 29.5% decline in mean patch size and a critical loss of connectivity. Conversely, Pongok Island showcased successful conservation efforts, significantly expanding its mangrove ecosystem, which enhanced its blue carbon capacity, even amid agricultural intensification. The assessment of biodiversity impacts confirmed that maintaining patch sizes above 20 hectares and ensuring high connectivity are essential thresholds for species conservation. However, current LULC management policies demonstrate limited effectiveness due to regulatory gaps between marine and terrestrial governance frameworks. The study concludes that integrated conservation strategies, including adaptive management and corridor restoration, are urgently needed to balance development pressures with the preservation of ecosystem integrity.
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