A Preliminary Physical Property Characterization of Artocarpus blancoi (Antipolo) from Maguindanao Province of Mindanao 10.32526/ennrj/24/20260141
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examined the physical properties of Artocarpus blancoi wood, focusing on moisture content (MC), basic density (BD), and directional and volumetric shrinkage across tree samples and height levels. Three trees aged approximately 5 to 10 years, were sampled from Maguindanao del Norte in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), Philippines. Testing procedures based on ASTM D143 standards were employed. Results showed that tree 1 recorded the lowest MC (98.58%) and the highest BD (384.28 kg/m³). Along height levels, the top portion exhibited the lowest MC (110.51%), while the bottom portion recorded the highest BD (398.62 kg/m³). For shrinkage properties, tree 2 consistently showed the lowest values for tangential shrinkage (TS) (4.59%), radial shrinkage (RS) (2.44%), and longitudinal shrinkage (0.17%), and the lowest volumetric shrinkage (VS) (6.93%). Relative to height levels, the top portion exhibited the lowest TS (4.34%) and VS (7.14%), whereas RS and LS did not differ significantly among height levels. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in MC and BD among both individual trees and height levels. The RS, LS, and VS varied significantly among individual trees, while TS and VS differed across height levels. Based on the classification systems for density and volumetric shrinkage established by the Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI), A. blancoi falls under low density and falls within the low to moderately low shrinkage classes. These findings suggest that A. blancoi has potential as a resource for value-added wood products from high end to standard grade furniture and other non-structural applications, light weight and dimensional stability are of great advantageous. However, it is vital to note that this study was limited to physical property assessment, and did not encompass anatomical and mechanical characterization, durability and/or processing tests, which are valuable for a more comprehensive evaluation of this species.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Published articles are under the copyright of the Environment and Natural Resources Journal effective when the article is accepted for publication thus granting Environment and Natural Resources Journal all rights for the work so that both parties may be protected from the consequences of unauthorized use. Partially or totally publication of an article elsewhere is possible only after the consent from the editors.
References
Alipon MA, Bondad EO. Strength Grouping of Philippine Timbers for Various Uses: FPRDI Trade Bulletin Series No. 4. Laguna, Philippines: Department of Science and Technology - Forest Products Research and Development Institute; 2008. p. 51.
Alipon MA, Bondad EO, Guiang MM. Philippine Wood Properties and Uses. Laguna, Philippines: Department of Science and Technology - Forest Products Research and Development Institute; 2020.
Alipon MA, Bondad EO, Cayabyab PC. Relative Density of Philippine Woods. College, Laguna, Philippines: Forest Products Research and Development Institute; 2005.
Alipon MA, Bondad EO, Sapin GN, Marasigan OS. Physical and mechanical properties of selected fruit-bearing and underutilized tree species in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science 2022;151(1):341-56.
Almeida MNF de, Louzada JL, Pezzopane JEM, Rocha SM, Câmara AP, Santos VB dos, et al. Influence of clone-site interaction on basic wood density of Eucalyptus clones in brazilian tropical zones. CERNE 2026;32(1):e103566.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Methods of Testing Small Clear Specimens of Timber: ASTM D143-52. Philadelphia, USA: American Society for Testing and Materials International; 2019. p. 1-30.
Areo OS. Wood Properties and Natural Durability of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A. Zorn) Fosberg [dissertation]. Postgraduate College, University of Ibadan; 2021.
Areo OS, Omole OA, Adejoba AL. Evaluation of selected physical properties of breadfruit wood (Artocarpus altilis, Parkinson ex. F.A. Zorn) fosberg grown in the South-Western, Nigeria. Trends in Applied Sciences Research 2020;15(3):226-34.
Bello ED. Specific gravity-volumetric shrinkage relationship of some Philippine wood species. FPRDI Journal 1997;23:15-30.
Bowyer JL, Shmulsky R, Haygreen JG. Forest Products and Wood Science: An Introduction. 5th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing; 2007.
Butterfield BG. Wood anatomy in relation to wood quality. In: Barnett JR, Jeronimidis G, editors. Wood Quality and Its Biological Basis. Oxford: Blackwell; 2003. p. 30-49.
de Oliveira Monteiro R, Dória LC, Ribeiro ES, Gonçalez JC, Sonsin Oliveira J. Wood anatomy and its effects on physical properties in nineteen commercial species. Brazilian Journal of Botany 2026;49:Article No. 13.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Forest Management Bureau (DENR-FMB). Philippine Forestry Statistics. Quezon City, Philippines: Department of Environment and Natural Resources; 2020.
Dietsch P, Franke S, Franke B, Gamper A, Winter S. Methods to determine wood moisture content and their applicability in monitoring concepts. Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring 2015;5(2):115-27.
Dimou V, Boufidou E, Kitikidou K. Variation in basic density of Paulownia tomentosa along axial and radial direction in nurseries in Greece. International Wood Products Journal 2025;16(2):148-56.
Energy Development Corporation (EDC). Artocarpus blancoi [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Aug 12]. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS. T33195A61524790.en.
Eloy E, Mangini TS, Nardini C, Caron BO, Trevisan R, dos Santos AD. Correlation of anatomy with physical properties of wood species from an agroforestry system. Revista Árvore 2024;48(1):1-11.
Fajardo A, Piper FI, García-Cervigón AI. The intraspecific relationship between wood density, vessel diameter and other traits across environmental gradients. Functional Ecology 2022;36:1585-98.
Fanny H, Ramadhani AP, Harry P, Sri S. Effect of growth rate on physical and mechanical properties of 4 year old Acacia mangium wood from Wonogiri, Central Java. Journal of Forest Science 2018;12(2):248-58.
Fernando ES, Co LL, Lagunzad DA, Gruezo WSM, Barcelona JF, Madulid DA, et al. Threatened plants of the Philippines: A preliminary assessment. Asia Life Sciences 2008;3:1-52.
Fischer FJ, Chave J, Zanne A, Jucker T, Fajardo A, Fayolle A, et al. Beyond species means: The intraspecific contribution to global wood density variation. New Phytologist 2026; 249(6):2630-51.
Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI). Anatomical Atlas of Philippine Timber. Laguna, Philippines: Department of Science and Technology - Forest Products Research and Development Institute; 1986.
Forest Products Laboratory. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material: General Technical Report FPL-GTR-282. Madison, WI: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; 2021.
Government of the Philippines. Executive Order No. 23, s. 2011 [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2025 Aug 12]. Available from: https://lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo2011/eo_23_2011.html.
Hamdan H, Nordahlia AS, Anwar UMK, Mohd Iskandar M, Mohamad Omar MK, Tumirah K. Anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties of four pioneer species in Malaysia. Journal of Wood Science 2020;66(1):Article No. 59.
Hamza KFS, Makonda FBS, Ishengoma RC, Manumbu E. Determination of basic density of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Lam) grown in agroforestry systems in Maramba, Tanzania. Morogoro, Tanzania. Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation; 2001.
Haryjanto L, Indrioko S, Nirsatmanto A, Hidayati F. Genetic variation in growth characteristics and wood properties of Ficus variegata blume first generation progeny trials in Indonesia. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 2024;52(5):473-87.
Izekor DN, Fuwape JA, Oluyege AO. Effects of density on variations in the mechanical properties of plantation grown Tectona grandis wood. Applied Science Research 2010; 2(6):113-20.
Jamovi Project. Jamovi (version 2.3) [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Nov 20]. Available from: https://www.jamovi.org.
Kollmann FFP, Côté WA. Principles of Wood Science and Technology: Volume 1. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1968.
Li W, Chen M, Dai Y, Ke L-L. Analysis on moisture-induced stresses in wood cell wall considering periodically graded microstructures. International Journal of Solids and Structures 2025;312:Article No. 113277.
Machado JS, Louzada JL, Santos AJA, Nunes L, Anjos O, Rodrigues J, et al. Variation of wood density and mechanical properties of blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.). Materials and Design 2014;56:975-80.
Malabrigo PL, Umali AGA. Alay: Philippine Native Trees at the Victor O. Ramos Arboretum. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Native Tree Enthusiasts; 2022. p. 1-322.
Marasigan OS, Mundin MAM. Physico-mechanical properties and potential utilization of Melia azedarach L. grown in Quezon Province, the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science 2024;153(4):1429-41.
Marasigan OS, Alipon MA, Bondad EO, Hopia KA, Mundin MAM. Physical and mechanical properties of thirteen senile fruit-bearing trees in the Philippines and their potential uses. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 2024;36(1):91-104.
Marasigan OS, Daguinod SA, Villareal JF. Physico-Mechanical properties of two native tree species in the Philippines and their potential as alternatives to exotic industrial tree plantation species. Environment and Natural Resources Journal 2025;23(4):343-56.
Mendoza RC, Daracan VC, Manalo RD, Batallones CHR, Jaurigue KG, Romano AD, et al. Anatomical and physico-mechanical characterization of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) branchwood collected in Mount Makiling Forest Reserve, Laguna, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science 2019;148(4):705-13.
Pandey S. Climatic influence on tree wood anatomy: A review. Journal of Wood Science 2021;67(1):Article No. 24.
PhilAtlas. Maguindanao [Internet]. 2026 [cited 2026 Jun 12]. Available from: https://www.philatlas.com/mindanao/barmm/ maguindanao.html.
Pumijumnong N, Muangsong C, Buajan S, Songtrirat P, Chatwatthana R, Chareonwong U. Factors affecting cambial growth periodicity and wood formation in tropical forest trees: A review. Forests 2023;14(5):Article No. 1025.
Schulgasser K, Witztum A. How the relationship between density and shrinkage of wood depends on its microstructure. Wood Science and Technology 2015;49:389-401.
Shmulsky R, Jones PD. Forest Products and Wood Science: An Introduction. 7th ed. Hoboken, USA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2019.
Stöd R, Marttila J, Haapala A, Tomppo L, Verkasalo E. Basic density and shrinkage of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) thinning wood. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 2025;83(6):Article No. 192.
Stuart GU. Antipolo/Artocarpus blancoi/Tipolo: Philippine medicinal herbs/Philippine alternative medicine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Aug 12]. Available from: https://www.stuartxchange.org/Antipolo.html.
Takeuchi R, Wahyudi I, Aiso H, Ishiguri F, Istikowati WT, Ohkubo T, et al. Anatomical characteristics and wood properties of unutilized Artocarpus species found in secondary forests regenerated after shifting cultivation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems 2019;93:745-53.
Tanabe J, Ishiguri F, Nakayama M, Ohshima J, Iizuka K, Yokota S. Properties of juvenile and mature wood and their effects on the bending properties of lumber in Pinus taeda growing in Tochigi, Japan. Forest Products Journal 2016;66(7):428-32.
Tanalgo KC, Manampan-Rubio M, Alvaro-Ele RJ, Hilario-Husain BA, Murray SA, Delos Reyes JL, et al. Ecological indicators of water quality and Marshland Impact Area (MARia) Index of Ligawasan Marsh: A critically important wetland in the Southern Mindanao, Philippines. Discover Environment 2024;2(113):2503-25.
Tian P, Zhang H, Han J, Zhao Y, Han X. Moisture content distribution in cross-section of cylindrical wood components. Polymers 2025;17(22):Article No. 2994.
Van Duong D, Hesagawa M, Matsumura J. The relation of fiber length, wood density, and compressive strength to ultrasonic wave velocity within stem of Melia azedarach. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science 2019;16(1):1-8.
Van Duong D, Schimleck L, Tai Tien D, Chu Van T. Radial variation in cell morphology of Melia azedarach planted in Northern Vietnam. Maderas Ciencia y Tecnología 2021; 23(7):1-10.
Zobel BJ, Van Buijtenen JP. Wood Variation: Its Causes and Control. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1989.
