The misuse of Tramadol among children and youth and the need for having efficient policy and laws enforcement

Main Article Content

Benjaporn Buasumlee
Jaturong Boonyarattanasoontorn

Abstract

Tramadol, classified as a dangerous drug, is spreading among children and youth in many countries. This article aims to review and examine the misuse of Tramadol, the regulatory policies, and the gab of knowledge to be filled by conducting research. A literature review is employed to collect information. Based on the finding of researches and analysis, Tramadol is spreading in some African and West Asian countries. It is sold in general drug stores in Thailand on social media or in an internet caf´e. Children and youth combine tramadol with a drink that has caffeine which is harmful to their physical and mental health. It is an urgent need to conduct the research and suggest the government to issue the effcient policy and law enforcement.

Article Details

How to Cite
Buasumlee, B. ., & Boonyarattanasoontorn, J. . (2020). The misuse of Tramadol among children and youth and the need for having efficient policy and laws enforcement. Interdisciplinary Research Review, 15(3), 33–38. Retrieved from https://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jtir/article/view/238747
Section
Review Article

References

Tramadol - Update Review Report - Agenda item 6.1, Available from: https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/6_1_ Update.pdf (accessed 2 May 2020).

World Drug Report 2017, Available from: https://www.unodc.org/wdr2017/field/Booklet_1_EXSUM.pdf (accessed 2 May 2020).

J. A. Inciadri et al., The diversion of Ultram, Ultracet and generic tramadol HCL, Journal of Addictive Diseases 25(2) (2006) 53 -- 58.

L. Salm-Reifferscheidt, Tramadol: Africa's opioid crisis, World Report 391(10134) (2018) 1982 -- 1983.

Uche R Oluoha, et al., Socio-demographic determinants of psychoactive substance use among students of tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria, Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy 8(5) (2017) 1 -- 9.

M. Nazarzadeh, Z. Bidel, K. V. Carson, The association between Tramadol hydrochloride misuse and other substances use in an adolescent population: Phase I of a prospective survey, Addictive Behaviors 39(1) (2014) 333 -- 337.

K. R. Holloway, et al., Characteristics and consequences of prescription drug misuse among university students in the United Kingdom, Journal of Substance Use 19(1-2) (2014) 156 -- 163.

N. R.Mohamed, et al., An epidemiological study of tramadol HCl dependence in an outpatient addiction clinic at Heliopolis psychiatric hospital, Menoufia Medical Journal 28(2) (2015) 591 -- 596.

Abolmaged S., et al., Tramadol use in Egypt: the emergence of a major new public health problem, The Canadian Journal of Addiction (2013).

L. Salm-Reifferscheidt, Tramadol: Africa's opioid crisis, The Lancet 391(10134) (2018) 1982 -- 1983.

J. Abdulmalik, et al., Psychoactive substance use among children in informal religious schools (Almajiris) in northern Nigeria, Mental Health, Religion, and Culture 12(6) (2009) 527 -- 542.

C. Duru, et al., Socio-demographic determinants of psychoactive substance use among students of tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria, Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy 8(5) (2017) 1 -- 9.

Definition of youth, Available from: https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/youth/fact-sheets/youth-definition.pdf (accessed 10 May 2020)

Definitions of children, young people and parents, Available from: https://www.gmc-uk.org/ethical-guidance/ethical-guidance-for-doctors/protecting-children-and-young-people/definitions-of-children-young-people-and-parents (accessed 2 May 2020).

Generation Z, Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Z (accessed 2 May 2020)

Generation Z news latest charac teristics, research, and facts, Available online in May 2, 2020, Available from: https://www.businessinsider.com/generation-z

The way U.S. teens spend their time is changing, but differences between boys and girls persist, Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/02/20/the-way-u-s-teens-spend-their-time-is-changing-but-differences-between-boys-and-girls-persist/ (accessed 10 May 2020).

Welcome to the iGeneration!, Available from: https://www. psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rewired-the-psychology-technology/201003/welcome-the-igeneration (accessed 10 May 2020)

Consumers of Tomorrow Insights and Observation About Generation Z, Available from: http://www.grailresearch.com/pdf/ContenPodsPdf/Consumers_of_Tomorrow_Insights_and_Observations_About_Generation_Z.pdf (accessed 10 May 2020).

Wendy Colleen Farrell,Tipnuch Phungsoonthorn, Generation Z in Thailand, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 20(1) (2020) 25 --51.

Attitudes Gen Z Thailand, Available from: https://www.marketingoops.com/reports/behaviors/7-attitudes-and-behaviour-gen-z-thailand/ (accessed 10 May 2020).

Thailand's Gen Z embraces sustainable practices., Available from: https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1876704/thailands-gen-z-embraces-sustainable-practices (accessed 10 May 2020).

Principles of Adolescent Substance Use Disorder Treatment: A Research-Based Guide, Available from: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-adolescent-substance-use-disorder-treatment-research-based-guide/frequently-asked-questions/why-do-adolescents-take-drugs (accessed 10 May 2020).

Tramadol's drug euphoria barter jail-into the coffin..!!., Available from: https://www.komchadluek.net/news/scoop/318118 (accessed 10 May 2020).

Tramadol, Imminent danger, Available from: https://www.pmnidat.go.th/thai/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2398&Itemid=1/ (accessed 2 May 2020).

The drug situation report in Bangkok area in 2017 and treads in 2018, Available from: http://www.bangkok.go.th/upload/user/00000227/File%20Download/18-12-60/5.pdf (accessed 10 May 2020).

Rules and regulations of The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2015.

Drug Abuse Prevention Starts with Parents, Available from: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/teen/substance-abuse/Pages/Drug-Abuse-Prevention-Starts-with-Parents.aspx (accessed 10 May 2020).

Drug Scheduling, Available from: https://www.dea.gov/drug-scheduling (accessed 10 May 2020).