Development of the Trainer’s Methodology Workbook for Bachelor of Technical and Vocational Teacher Education Students
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study assessed the perceived level of core competencies in Trainer’s Methodology I (TM I) among BTVTEd students of Southern Luzon State University – Dual Training and Learning Center. It focused on five core training areas: planning and facilitating training sessions, supervising work-based learning, conducting competency assessments, maintaining training facilities, and utilizing electronic media in training. The study also explored whether significant differences in perceived competency levels exist based on demographic factors such as sex, year level, and area of specialization. Furthermore, it aimed to develop and evaluate a supplementary workbook designed to enhance student competencies and support learning outcomes.
A descriptive-developmental research design was employed. A total of 158 students were selected through total population sampling, and six expert validators were chosen purposively for their expertise in instructional materials. Data were gathered using a researcher-adapted questionnaire and a standardized evaluation tool. Statistical analyses included frequency, percentage, weighted mean, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA.
Results showed that students generally perceived low levels of competency, especially in developing assessment tools, monitoring training activities, and maintaining facilities. No significant differences were found based on sex and year level, but significant differences were noted based on specialization. The workbook was rated effective, with suggestions for improvement in hands-on activities and instructional alignment.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Adihardja, H. S., & Hendarsjah, H. (2020). Analysis of The Relationship Between Personal Competencies and Individual Work Performance with Job Specialization, Formalization, and Centralization as Moderators. The Asian Journal of Technology Management (AJTM), 13(3), 243–256. https://doi.org/10.12695/ajtm.2020.13.3.5
Ainley, J., Cloney, D. & Thompson, J. (2020, October 13). The effect of year level on PISA achievement. Australian Council for Educational Research - ACER. https://www.acer.org/au/discover/article/the-effect-of-year-level-on-pisa-achievement?
Al-Ali, H. (2022). Influence of technical vocational education teachers' competencies on graduates' competencies. Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 39(2), 112-128
Amiruddin, A., & Baharuddin, F. R. (2023). The academic, technical and employability skills three-year and four-year vocational high school programme graduates. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 18(2), 422–440. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v18i2.8271
Atondo, H. B. (2022). Contextualized instructional materials in teaching reading and writing skills. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 11(8). https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2022.197
Avila, M. R. M., & Malquisto, P. R. (2019). Gender Disparity Competence in Drafting Technology among Government Secondary Learning Institutions. European Scientific Journal ESJ, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n5p196
Bae, D. K. (2024). Analysis of differences in core competencies of college students according to grade and gender. International Journal of Advanced Smart Convergence 13(4) https://doi.org/10.7236/IJASC.2024.13.4.384
Balayong, V. L. (2024, October 1). Strategies on facilitating learning and adequacy of instructional materials in technology and livelihood education to student engagement. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 10(9). https://eprajournals.com/IJMR/article/14065?
Bermundo, D. R. L. (2025). Analysis of Learning Competencies of Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education (BTVTED) students major in Electronics Technology. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i01.36996
Bradbury, A. (2023). Reconceptualising the Third Teacher: A study of trainee experiences of work-based learning on Level 3 Early Years programmes. Prof Doc Thesis https://doi.org/10.48773/q218z
Calanog, M. C. B. (2021). Developing technical skills of technology and livelihood education secondary teachers in the province of Batangas. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science, and Management, 4(12), 120-132
Castro-Alonso, J. C., De Koning, B. B., Fiorella, L., & Paas, F. (2021). Five strategies for optimizing instructional materials: Instructor- and learner-managed cognitive load. Educational Psychology Review, 33(4), 1379–1407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09606-9
Catangui et al. (2024). Perception of the students towards BTVTED program of Ceguera Technological Colleges, Iriga City.
Collano, R., (2024). Relationship of teaching strategies of technology and livelihood education (tle) teachers in the new normal and learning performance of the senior high school students in selected high schools in the division of Valenzuela. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 25(7), 959-979. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13834093
Commission on Higher Education (2017). BTVTEd CMO No. 79 Series of 2017.
DepEd Order No. 40, s. 2021. (Year). Enhancing partnership of senior high schools with institutions for technical-vocational-livelihood (TVL) track.
DepEd Order No. 35, s. 2020. (Year). Strengthening the partnership of senior high schools offering technical-vocational-livelihood (TVL) track programs with the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)-registered programs.
De Luna et al. (2023). Factors influencing the assessment practices of senior high school teachers in Goa district, Philippines. A Multidisciplinary Journal Psychological and education 7, p. 998-1005. 10.5281/zenodo.10045830
Dinora, I. & Burievna, Y. (2025). Importance of independent assignments in educational activities. American Journal of Pedagogical and Educational Research, 33. https://www.americanjournal.org/index.php/ajper/article/view/2694/2539
Ellis, N. (2024). The Power of Routine: Why classroom procedures matter. (2024, July 28). The Angry Teacher. https://theangryteacher.com/2024/07/28/the-power-of-routine-why-classroom-procedures-matter/
Enama, P. (2021) Student teachers’ competence in lesson planning during microteaching. Journal of Teacher Education and Educators 10(3) p. 341-368
Fajardo, M. T. M., & Trasmonte, C. B. (2023). GAD nuances in the choice of skills training among TVET students in selected technical vocational institutes. American Journal of Educational Research, 11(3), 138–143. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-11-3-6
Fauzan. (2024, July 25). Characteristics of a good workbook. Access Ideas. https://www.accessideas.com.my/characteristics-of-a-good-workbook/
Gari, J. B., & Malonisio, M. (2023). Development of instructional material in patterns and algebra based on the least learned competencies. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(10): 1158-1171 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072138
Gerona et. al (2022). Student’s knowledge, compliance, and problems encountered on Solid Waste Management – NOSTE. (2022, June 5). https://nosteonline.org/students-knowledge-compliance-and-problemsencountered-on-solid-waste-management/
Goff, L. (2024, March 7). Training objectives: Setting clear goals for effective learning. Learnexus. https://learnexus.com/blog/training-objectives-setting-clear-goals-for-effective-learning/
Gyamfi A. (2021). Effectiveness of workbooks in the teaching and learning process. Kwadwoan Publishing. https://kwadwoanpublishing.com/2021/12/24/effectiveness-of-workbooks-in-the-teaching-and-learning-process/
James (2021, March 2). The power of visual content. LTE Online. https://blogs.tees.ac.uk/lteonline/2021/03/02/the-power-of-visual-content/
Khan, S., Ahmed, R. R., Streimikiene, D., Streimikis, J., & Jatoi, M. A. (2022). The Competency-based Training & Assessment, and Improvement of Technical Competencies and Changes in Pedagogical Behavior. E&M Economics and Management, 25(1), 96–112. https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2022-1-006
Kinhal, V. (2024, November 18). Importance of occupational safety and health training programs. Fixed & Portable Industrial Gas Detectors. https://gasdetection.com/articles/importance-of-occupational-safety-and-health-training/
Lafinier, J. (2024, December 30). Evaluating the effectiveness of facilitation training programs. Voltage Control. https://voltagecontrol.com/articles/evaluating-the-effectiveness-of-facilitation-training-programs/
Lansangan, R. V., & Orleans, A. V. (2023). Experiences of Filipino Secondary Science Teachers in Assessing Students in Flexible Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic. European Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 4(2), 182–193. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2023.4.2.630
Lomeda-Junio, M. M. (2025). Readiness of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education Pre-Service Teachers of Camarines sur Polytechnic Colleges. Research and Analysis Journal, 8(2), 01–13. https://doi.org/10.18535/raj.v8i2.504
Loureiro, A. C., Santos, A. I., & Meirinhos, M. (2024). Digital Competence for Pedagogical Integration: A Study with Elementary School Teachers in the Azores. Education Sciences, 14(12), 1293. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14121293
Magday, W. & Pramoolsook, I. (2021). Exploring teaching demonstrations in the teaching journals: A case of Filipino pre-service teachers. Tarbiat Modares University Journals System. 12(5),175-203. Doi: 10.52547/LRR.12.5.8
Mangay-Ayam, B., & Java, M. (2025). Adequacy and usability of instructional materials in technical vocational and livelihood-home economics on the teaching practices and performance: insights of MAT-LITE students. Pantao, International Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.69651/pijhss040220
McCombes, S. (2023, June 22). Descriptive Research | Definition, Types, Methods & Examples. Scribbr. https://tinyurl.com/3x7xmmtb
Mhlongo, K. M., Khoza, S. D., & Skosana, N. M. (2023). The significance of hand tool skills in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: a focus on the construction concept. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengkajian Ilmu Pendidikan e-Saintika, 7(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.36312/esaintika.v7i1.1026
Michael (2023, July 27). Skills required for trainer. Knowles Training Institute. https://knowlesti.sg/skills-required-for-trainer/
Minghat, A. D., Mustakim, S. S., & Shahroni, N. (2023). Current issue in the technical vocational education and training (TVET) instructor. ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering Education 3(2) (2023) 119-128.
Moiso, D. R., & Moiso, D. R. (2024, February 19). How to create an unforgettable training session in 8 simple steps. SessionLab. https://www.sessionlab.com/blog/training-session-plan/
Moreira-Choez, J. S., De Rodríguez, T. M. L., Arias-Iturralde, M. C., Vega-Intriago, J. O., Mendoza-Fernández, V. M., Zambrano-Acosta, J. M., & Cardenas-Hinojosa, R. D. (2024). Influence of gender and academic level on the development of digital competencies in university teachers: a multidisciplinary comparative analysis. Frontiers in Education, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1436368
Muladi, M., Putranto, H., & Maulida, M. (2019). A study on the learning facilities readiness and the independence learning relates to the skill competence of student at the industrial automation department in vocational high school. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icovet-18.2019.42
National Research Council. (n.d). Supporting learning and motivation. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13469/chapter/4#12
National Technical Education and Skills Development Plan (NTESDP). (n.d.). MaGaling at MakaBagong TVET para sa Bagong Pilipinas: TVET as a Pathway to Recovery and Socio-Economic Transformation. https://www.tesda.gov.ph/About/TESDA/47
Ojeda, E. M. & Nuñez-Herrera, J. M. (2024). Factors influencing the acquisition of competencies in secondary and secondary school students in Colombia. Proceedings of ICERI2024 Conference.
Oliveira, H., & Bonito, J. (2023). Practical work in science education: a systematic literature review. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1151641
Omar, M. K., Ismail, N., Rauf, M. A., & Puad, M. H. M. (2020). Factors on deciding TVET for first choice educational journey among pre-secondary school student. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7, 609-622.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2021, March 31). Teachers and leaders in vocational education and training. Paris, France. https://www.oecdilibrary.org/education/teachers-and-leaders-in-vocational-education-andtraining_59d4fbb1-en
Orlanda, N. (2018). Comparison Between the Competency Level of Bachelor of Technical Teacher Education and Bachelor of Industrial Technology Major in Food Service Management. Southeast Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1), 127-131. Retrieved from https://www.sajst.org/online/index.php/sajst/article/view/146
Padagas, R. C. (2019). Pre-service teachers' competencies in a work-based learning environment. African Educational Research Journal, 7(3): 130-142.
Pastore, S. (2023). Teacher assessment literacy: a systematic review. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1217167
Pecson, R., & Sarmiento, J. (2024). Integrating 21st-century skills into instructional materials for sustainable education. Indonesian Journal of Instructional Media and Model, 6(2), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.32585/ijimm.v6i2.5934
Perna, D. & Davis, J. (2024, December 10). Aligning standards and curriculum for classroom success. SAGE India. https://in.sagepub.com/en-in/sas/aligning-standards-and-curriculum-for-classroom-success/book229217?
Qaraman, A. F. A., Elbayoumi, M., Kakemam, E., & Albelbeisi, A. H. (2022). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice towards Occupational Health and Safety among Nursing Students in Gaza Strip, Palestine. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 32(5), 1007–1018. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v32i5.16
Rahayu, A., Ilimu, E., & Adewia, M. (2022). Development of interactive E-Workbook based on Peer-Led team learning on collaboration skills and critical thinking in basic chemistry concept. JTK (Jurnal Tadris Kimiya), 7(2), 201–214. https://doi.org/10.15575/jtk.v7i2.19750
Ray, S., & Zarestky, J. (2021). Gender in vocational education and training: an integrative review. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(9), 876–893. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-12-2019-0196
Rendino, G. (2024, January 21). How do you design a learning session that engages and motivates your participants?. www.linkedin.com. https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-design-learning-session-engages
Rivera, J., & Baptista, V. E. G. (2024). Investigating the policies, the resources and gaps in the competencies of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education (BTVTEd) prescribed by: TESDA and K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum and a proposed curriculum revision for Bachelor of Technical -Vocational Teacher Education in the Philippines. Divine Word International Journal of Management and Humanities (DWIJMH) (ISSN: 2980-4817), 3(4). https://doi.org/10.62025/dwijmh.v3i4.95
Roble, D. (2021). Competency level, employers’ expectations and work immersion performance of senior high school technical-vocational and livelihood (TVL) students. Asian Journal on Perspectives in Education, 1(2), 43-63
Salvador, R. Q., Borromeo, C. M. T., Limon, M. R., Parinas, M. a. G., De La Cruz, L. L., & Dalere, J. M. B. (2022). Exploring Technical-Vocational Education Teachers’ Challenges and Adaptation Strategies in Teaching Courses Outside their Specializations. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2022.14.02.004
Sam, A. (2024, January 1). 8 Important qualities of a good textbook. Notes Read. https://notesread.com/8-important-qualities-of-a-good-textbook/
Sari, E. M. & Putri, R. I. I. (2020). Development of worksheets based project using a lesson study. Infinity, 10(1), 41-52. https://www.academia.edu/66258275/Project_Based_Worksheets_Using_a_Lesson_Study_System?
Schauer, J., Abele, S., & Etzel, J. M. (2025). Differential development of professional knowledge and Problem-Solving skills during VET: the role of cognitive resources, School-Leaving Certificates, and sociodemographic background. Vocations and Learning, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-025-09367-4
Seechaliao, T. (2024). Instructional strategies to produce educational media systematically. Journal of Education and Learning, 13(4) p121-133. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1436718&q=instructional+strategies&
Şenkal, O., Kanık, R., Sezgin, M. E., & Şenkal, Ö. A. (2021). Occupational health and safety education at inclusive vocational schools in Turkey. SAGE Open, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211067239
Setiawan, A. (2023, September 22). Current development of vocational professional teacher education in Indonesia. TVET@Asia. https://tvet-online.asia/issue/16/current-development-of-vocational-professional-teacher-education-in-indonesia
Shekaftik et al. (2022). Academic nanotechnology laboratories: investigating good practices and students’ health status. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 24(9). DOI: 10.1007/s11051-022-05548-7
Stümpfl, A. (2025, January 10). Three reasons why articulating course objectives is vital. Lehrblick - Center for University and Academic Teaching. https://lehrblick.de/en/three-reasons-why-articulating-course-objectives-is-vital/
Szczesny, M. (2023). A guide to evaluating training success with pre- and post-training assessments. Training Industry. https://trainingindustry.com/articles/measurement-and-analytics/a-guide-to-evaluating-training-success-with-pre-and-post-training-assessments/?
Tasmanian Institute of Learning & Teaching (2021). Teaching & Learning Constructive Alignment. University of Tasmania. https://www.teaching-learning.utas.edu.au/unit-design/constructive-alignment
TESDA (2021). Labor market intelligence report: the TVET trainer in the future of Work and Learning. Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. https://www.tesda.gov.ph/Uploads/File/LMIR/2021/LMIR%20on%20Skills%20of%20TVET%20Trainers.pdf
TESDA-CAR. (2023, November 9). Competency Assessment and Certification. TESDA-CAR. Abot Lahat. https://car.tesda.gov.ph/tesdacar/competency-assessment-and-certification/
Tims, C. (2024) Effective strategies for conducting safety training and workshops. EHS Insights. https://www.ehsinsight.com/blog/effective-strategies-for-conducting-safety-training-and-workshops?
UNESCO Learning Portal. (n.d.). Learning and teaching materials. https://learningportal.iiep.unesco.org/en/issue-briefs/improve-learning/learning-and-teaching-materials?
Utami et al. (2025). Factors influencing students' decisions in choosing elementary education study programs in Indonesia. Educational Process International Journal 14(1). DOI: 10.22521/edupij.2025.14.58
Valdez, R. B., Tamoria, J. R., & Barron, A. R. (2022). Interactive notebook: effects on creative and critical thinking skills of social studies students. International Journal of Education, 15(1), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.17509/ije.v15i1.46157
Velasco, C. & Baltonado, L. (2023). Subject-integrated instructional material for the enhancement of the least mastered reading comprehension skills among grade five pupils. International Journal of Social Science Humanity & Management Research, 2(6) pp. 405-412. DOI: 10.58806/ijsshmr.2023.v2i6n17
Wu, Q., Bai, B., & Zhu, X. (2019). Technical and vocational education and training in the Philippines: Development and status quo. Perspectives on rethinking and reforming education (pp. 155–171). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6617-8_7
Yeap, C. F., Suhaimi, N., & Nasir, M. K. M. (2021). Issues, challenges, and suggestions for empowering technical vocational education and training education during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. Creative Education, 12(08), 1818–1839. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2021.128138
Yilmaz, S. (2022). How to enhance occupational health and safety practices in schools: An analysis through the eyes of school principals. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 9(Special Issue), 922-933. https://dx.doi.org/10.52380/ijpes.2022.9.4.871
Yusop, S. R. M., Rasul, M. S., Yasin, R. M., Hashim, H. U., & Jalaludin, N. A. (2022). An Assessment Approaches and Learning Outcomes in Technical and Vocational Education: A Systematic Review using PRISMA. Sustainability, 14(9), 5225. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095225
Zirkle, C., Laukia, J., Mauffret, D., & Vilches, S. P. (2022). A comparative examination of vocational education teacher qualifications and preparation between Finland and the State of Ohio in the United States. Journal of Research in Technical Careers, 6(2), 3. https://doi.org/10.9741/2578-2118.1117
