Effects of Ya Khao, a Thai traditional herbal formula extract, on hyperglycemia and associated biochemical and histopathological changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) was a chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia and affected millions of individuals globally. Ya Khao (YK) was a Thai traditional herbal formula inscribed on the stone slabs of Wat Pho. It consisted of 15 different herbs in equal proportions and had been traditionally used to treat various fevers for a long time. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic, biochemical and histopathological effects of Ya Khao formula extract (YKFE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were classified into 5 groups (n = 8): NDM, DM, DM+GB, DM+YKFE250, and DM+YKFE500. Diabetic rats received intraperitoneal STZ injections (65 mg/kg BW), whereas non-diabetic rats were injected with citrate buffer solution. All rats were administered orally once daily for 2 weeks. Body weights were monitored daily, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were assessed weekly. At the end of the treatment, all rats were euthanized, and their blood samples were collected for FBG and biochemical analyses. Vital organs (pancreas, liver, and kidneys) were removed and weighed, and the pancreas was fixed in 10% formalin for histopathological evaluation. Treatment with both doses of YKFE for 2 weeks significantly decreased FBG levels in diabetic rats and ameliorated pancreatic histopathological changes. However, there were no significant differences in body weight gain and relative organ weight among the groups. Besides, the treatment duration was insufficient to normalize hepatic and renal functions to levels comparable to the NDM group. Collectively, the results suggested that YKFE exhibited anti-hyperglycemic and pancreatic protective effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats and showed potential for further development as a therapeutic agent for DM.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Nadhiya, J., M. Vijayalakshmi, and S. Showbharnikhaa, A brief review on diabetes mellitus. Journal of Pharma Insights and Research, 2024. 2(1): p. 117-121.
Powers, A.C., K.D. Niswender, and C. Evans-Molina, Diabetes mellitus: diagnosis, classification, and pathophysiology. Diabetes, 2022. 1000: p. 415.
Calcutt, N.A., et al., Therapies for hyperglycaemia-induced diabetic complications: from animal models to clinical trials. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2009. 8(5): p. 417-430.
Dincel, G.C. and S. Yildirim, Overexpression of ADAMTS-13 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase relates with neuropathology in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2016. 9(4): p. 4761-4778.
GÇ, D. and S. Yildirim, Increased expressions of eNOS and iNOS correlate with apoptosis of diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2016. 22(3).
Comazzi, S., Oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. Studies on Veterinary Medicine, 2011: p. 77-91.
Rahelić, D., Of IDF diabetes atlas--call for immediate action. 2016. p. 57-58.
Fisman, E.Z. and A. Tenenbaum, A cardiologic approach to non-insulin antidiabetic pharmacotherapy in patients with heart disease. Cardiovascular diabetology, 2009. 8(1): p. 38.
Rambiritch, V., B. Maharaj, and P. Naidoo, Glibenclamide in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: a 12-week, prospective, single-center, open-label, dose-escalation study. Clinical pharmacology: advances and applications, 2014: p. 63-69.
Chayarop, K., et al., Hypoglycaemic activity of Mathurameha, a Thai traditional herbal formula aqueous extract, and its effect on biochemical profiles of streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 2017. 17(1): p. 343.
Pho), T.t.m.s.o.W.P.C.W.M.W., The medicinal text inscribed on a stone tablet at Wat Phra Chetuphon Wimon Mangkhalaram (Wat Pho) was graciously ordered this to be inscribed by King Rama III in 2375 BE (1832 CE), in its complete form. 2015, Bangkok: Pow Voon Printing Limited Partnership.
Yingyong, T. and S. Ragkhanto, The use of Thai traditional medicine formulas with buddhist psychology to treat the coronavirus (COVID-19). J MCU Hum Rev, 2022. 8(1): p. 399-412.
Nillert, N., et al., Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study of Ya Khao Remedy Extract in Rats, in The 8th international conference on Natural Products (NATPRO8). July 25th - 27th, 2023: Asawin Grand Convention, HotelBangkok, Thailand.
Khan, I., et al., Antidiabetic activity and histopathological analysis of carnosol isolated from Artemisia indica Linn in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2017. 26(2): p. 335-343.
Kadébé, Z.T., et al., Antidiabetic activity of Plumeria alba Linn (apocynaceae) root extract and fractions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016. 15(1): p. 87-94.
Kakehi, T., et al., Effects of vitamin E and its derivatives on diabetic nephropathy in Rats and identification of diacylglycerol kinase subtype involved in the improvement of diabetic nephropathy. Functional Foods in Health and Disease-Online ISSN: 2160-3855; Print ISSN: 2378-7007, 2017. 7(10): p. 816-832.
Fagbohun, O.F., et al., Changes in the biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters in STZ-Induced diabetic rats and the ameliorative effect of Kigelia africana fruit extract. Heliyon, 2020. 6(5): p. e03989.
Majhi, S., et al., In-vivo evaluation and formulation development of polyherbal extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Phytomedicine Plus, 2022. 2(4): p. 100337.
Tessari, P., Stepwise discovery of insulin effects on amino acid and protein metabolism. Nutrients, 2023. 16(1): p. 119.
Huang, A.C., et al., Protective effects of epigallocatechin gallate for male sexual dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022. 23(17): p. 9759.
Sobhanian, S.A., et al., Glucose and lipid-lowering activities of some bioactive extracted components from herbs (Camellia Sinensis, Matricaria Chamomilla and Carum Carvi) in Streptozotocin-diabetic rats: intelligent method for herbal medicines production with selected active ingredients. Research Square, 2024.
Febriza, A., et al., Hypoglycemic effects of Caesalpinia bonduc (L). Roxb leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, 2025. 31(4): p. 176-186.
Deore, H.V., et al., Antidiabetic Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Caesalpinia Bonduc Seeds in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Journal of Chemical Health Risks, 2024. 14(1): p. 1580-1585.
Adam, S.H., et al., Rhinacanthin C ameliorates hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidemia and pancreatic destruction in streptozotocin–nicotinamide induced adult male diabetic rats. European journal of pharmacology, 2016. 771: p. 173-190.
Shah, M.A., et al., Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of rhinacanthins-rich extract from Rhinacanthus nasutus leaves in nicotinamide-streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy, 2019. 113: p. 108702.
Rachpirom, M., et al., Antidiabetic Activities of Medicinal Plants in Traditional Recipes and Candidate Antidiabetic Compounds from Hydnophytum formicarum Jack. Tubers. Pharmacognosy Research, 2022. 14(1).
Thongrung, R., et al., Moringa oleifera leaf extract ameliorates early stages of diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2023. 13(8): p. 158-166.
Parija, S.C., Textbook of Microbiology & Immunology. 4nd ed. 2023: Elsevier India: Haryana. 211-6.
Shah MA, et al., Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of rhinacanthins-rich extract from Rhinacanthus nasutus leaves in nicotinamide-streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. . Biomed Pharmacother, 2019. 113: p. 108702.
