Effect of reef fish grazing on coral restoration by transplanted coral from sexual reproduction technique
Article Sidebar
Published:
Aug 2, 2018
Keywords:
caging transplanted coral grazing herbivore sexual propagation
Main Article Content
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the direct effect of grazing of fish and urchins on outplanted coral growth and survival. Field experiments were conducted at Samea San Island, Chonburi Province, and all corals, Acropora millepora and Platygyra sinensis used in the experiments were cultured via sexual propagation. To test the hypothesis that the exclusion of grazing would result in increasing outplanted-coral growth and survivalship, fish exclusion cages were deployed for 4 months. The results showed that survival rated were significantly different among treatments. The survival rates of corals were high in cages with sea urchins. However, there was no significant difference in growth rates between treatments in any coral species. In addition, the variation of growth and survival of coral also found between different ages of corals due to coral species. Thus, this study showed that exclusion of fish had a positive effect on the survival of corals. In another hand, exclusion of herbivore also increasing the biomass of macroalgaes those competitive with corals, Therefore, for corals outplanting for reef rehabilitation purpose, rearing juvenile corals in cages may allow them to increase in sizes faster.
Article Details
How to Cite
[1]
S. Songploy, “Effect of reef fish grazing on coral restoration by transplanted coral from sexual reproduction technique”, NKRAFA J SCI TECH, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 41–51, Aug. 2018.
Section
Research Articles
- Content and information in articles published in NKRAFA Journal of Science and Technology are comment and responsibility of authors of articles directly. Journal editorial do no need to agree or share any responsibility.
- NKRAFA Journal of Science and Technology Articles holds the copyright of the content, pictures, images etc. which published in it. If any person or agency require to reuse all or some part of articles, the permission must be obtained from the NKRAFA Journal of Science and Technology.
References
[1] B. E. Brown and L. S. Howard. Assessing the effects of stress on reef corals. Advances in Marine Biology. 1: 1-63, 1985.
[2] B. Salvat. Human impacts on coral reefs: facts and recommendations. Tahiti: Antenne de Tahiti, 1997.
[3] B. G. Hatcher, R. E. Johannes and A. I. Robertson. Review of research relevant to the conservation of shallow tropical marine ecosystems. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review. 27: 337-414, 1989.
[4] B. Rinkevich. Restoration Strategies for Coral Reefs Damaged by Recreational Activities: The Use of Sexual and Asexual Recruits, Restoration Ecology. 3(4): 241-251, 1995.
[5] S. Clark and A.J. Edwards. Coral transplantation as an aid to reef rehabilitation: evaluation of a case study in the Maldive Islands. Coral Reefs. 14(4): 201-213, 2013.
[6] A. Bowden-Kurby. Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. The 8th International Coral Reef Symposium. 1: 2063-2068, 1997.
[7] U. Oren and Y. Benayahu. Transplantation of juvenile corals: a new approach for enhancing colonization of artificial reefs. Marine Biology. 127(3): 499-505, 1997.
[8] U. Lindahl, Low-tech rehabilitation of degraded coral reefs through transplantation of staghorn corals. AMBIO - A Journal of the Human Environment. 27(8): 645-650, 1998.
[9] A.J. Edwards and S. Clark. Re-establishment of reef populations on a reef at degraded by coral quarrying in the Maldives. The 7th International Coral Reef Symposium. 1: 593-600, 1993.
[10] B. Rinkevich. Conservation of Coral Reefs through Active Restoration Measures: Recent Approaches and Last Decade Progress. Environmental Science & Technology. 39(12): 4333-4342, 2005.
[11] B. Rinkevich. Management of coral reefs: we have gone wrong when neglecting active reef restoration. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 56(11): 1821-1824, 2008.
[12] H.T. Yap, P.M. Alino and E.D. Gomez. Trends in growth and mortality of three coral species (Anthozoa: Scleractinia), including effects of transplantation. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 83: 91-101, 1992.
[13] L.D. Smith and T.P. Hughes. An experimental assessment of survival, re-attachment and fecundity of coral fragments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 235(1): 147-164, 1999.
[14] N. Okubo, T. Motokawa and M. Omori. When fragmented coral spawn? Effect of size and timing on survivorship and fecundity of fragmentation in Acropora formosa. Marine Biology. 151(1):353-363, 2006.
[15] P.C. Cabaitan, E.D. Gomez and P.M. Aliño. Effects of coral transplantation and giant clam restocking on the structure of fish communities on degraded patch reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 357(1):85-98, 2008.
[16] H.T. Yap. Local changes in community diversity after coral transplantation. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 374:33-41, 2009.
[17] A.A. Shantz, A.C. Stier and J.A. Idjadi. Coral density and predation affect growth of a reef-building coral.Coral Reefs. 30(2):363-367, 2011.
[18] N.A. Christiansen, S. Ward, S. Harii and I.R. Tibbetts. Grazing by a small fish affects the early stages of a post-settlement stony coral. Coral Reefs. 28(1): 47-51, 2009.
[19] R.P.M. Bak. Sea urchin bioerosion on coral reefs: place in the carbonate budget and relevant variables. Coral Reefs. 13(2): 99-103, 1994.
[20] S.W. Davies and P.D. Vize. Effects of herbivore grazing on juvenile coral growth in the Gulf of Mexico. The 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, Florida, USA. 1: 1214-1218, 2008.
[21] R.P.M. Bak and G. van Eys. Predation of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum Philippi on living coral. Oecologia. 20(2): 111-115, 1975.
[22] E.A. Titlyanov and T.V. Titlyanova.Coral-algal competition on damaged reefs. Russian Journal of Marine Biology. 34(4): 199-219, 2008.
[23] D. Bender, G. Diaz-Pulido and S. Dove. Effects of macroalgae on corals recovering from disturbance. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 429:15-19, 2012.
[24] D.M. Ceccarelli, G.P. Jones and L.J. McCook. Interactions between herbivorous fish guilds and their influence on algal succession on a coastal coral reef. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 399(1): 60-67, 2011.
[25] T.P. Hughes, M.J. Rodrigues, D.R. Bellwood, D. Ceccarelli, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, L. McCook, N. Moltschaniwskyj, M.S. Pratchett, R.S. Steneck and B. Willis. Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change. Current Biology. 17(4): 360-365, 2007.
[26] D.R. Bellwood, T.P. Hughes, C. Folke and M. Nystrom. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature. 429(6994): 827-833, 2004.
[27] M.L. Trapon, M.S. Pratchett, A.S. Hoey and A.H. Baird. Influence of fish grazing and sedimentation on the early post-settlement survival of the tabular coral Acropora cytherea. Coral Reefs. 32(4): 1051-1059, 2013.
[28] M.V.B. Baria, J.R. Guest, A.J. Edwards, P.M. Aliño, A.J. Heyward and E.D. Gomez. Caging enhances post-settlement survival of juveniles of the scleractinian coral Acropora tenuis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 394(1-2): 149-153, 2010.
[29] K.E. Kohler and S.M. Gill. Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe): A Visual Basic program for the determination of coral and substrate coverage using random point count methodology. Computers & Geosciences. 32(9): 1259-1269, 2006.
[30] M.W. Miller and M.E. Hay. Coral-Seaweed-Grazer-Nutrient Interactions on Temperate Reefs. Ecological Monographs. 66(3): 323, 1996.
[31] J.E. Tanner. Competition between scleractinian corals and macroalgae: An experimental investigation of coral growth, survival and reproduction. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 190(2): 151-168, 1995.
[32] A.L. Green and D.R. Bellwood. Monitoring functional groups of herbivorous reef fishes as indicators of coral reef resilience – A practical guide for coral reef managers in the Asia Pacific region, IUCN working group on Climate Change and Coral Reefs. Gand:IUCN, 2009.
[33] P.J. Mumby. Herbivory versus corallivory: are parrotfish good or bad for Caribbean coral reefs?. Coral Reefs. 28(3): 683-690, 2009.
[34] P.J. Mumby, A.R. Harborne, J. Williams, C.V. Kappel, D.R. Brumbaugh, F. Micheli, K.E. Holmes, C.P. Dahlgren, C.B. Paris and P.G. Blackwell. Trophic cascade facilitates coral recruitment in a marine reserve. Proceeding of National Academic Science USA. 104(20): 8362-8367, 2007.
[35] M.W. Miller and M.E. Hay. Effects of fish predation and seaweed competition on the survival and growth of corals. Oecologia. 113(2): 231-238 1998.
[36] A.S. Hoey and D.R. Bellwood. Cross-shelf variation in the role of parrotfishes on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs. 27(1): 37-47, 2007.
[37] A.S. Hoey, M.S. Pratchett and C. Cvitanovic. High macroalgal cover and low coral recruitment undermines the potential resilience of the world's southernmost coral reef assemblages. PLoS One. 6(10): e25824, 2011.
[38] Y. Nozawa, M. Tokeshi and S. Nojima. Reproduction and recruitment of scleractinian corals in a high-latitude coral community, Amakusa, southwestern Japan. Marine Biology. 149(5): 1047-1058, 2006.
[39] R.D. Villanueva, H.T. Yap and M.N.E. Montaño. Intensive fish farming in the Philippines is detrimental to the reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 316: 165-174, 2006.
[40] J. Wilson and P. Harrison. Post-settlement mortality and growth of newly settled reef corals in a subtropical environment. Coral Reefs. 24(3): 418-421, 2005.
[2] B. Salvat. Human impacts on coral reefs: facts and recommendations. Tahiti: Antenne de Tahiti, 1997.
[3] B. G. Hatcher, R. E. Johannes and A. I. Robertson. Review of research relevant to the conservation of shallow tropical marine ecosystems. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review. 27: 337-414, 1989.
[4] B. Rinkevich. Restoration Strategies for Coral Reefs Damaged by Recreational Activities: The Use of Sexual and Asexual Recruits, Restoration Ecology. 3(4): 241-251, 1995.
[5] S. Clark and A.J. Edwards. Coral transplantation as an aid to reef rehabilitation: evaluation of a case study in the Maldive Islands. Coral Reefs. 14(4): 201-213, 2013.
[6] A. Bowden-Kurby. Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. The 8th International Coral Reef Symposium. 1: 2063-2068, 1997.
[7] U. Oren and Y. Benayahu. Transplantation of juvenile corals: a new approach for enhancing colonization of artificial reefs. Marine Biology. 127(3): 499-505, 1997.
[8] U. Lindahl, Low-tech rehabilitation of degraded coral reefs through transplantation of staghorn corals. AMBIO - A Journal of the Human Environment. 27(8): 645-650, 1998.
[9] A.J. Edwards and S. Clark. Re-establishment of reef populations on a reef at degraded by coral quarrying in the Maldives. The 7th International Coral Reef Symposium. 1: 593-600, 1993.
[10] B. Rinkevich. Conservation of Coral Reefs through Active Restoration Measures: Recent Approaches and Last Decade Progress. Environmental Science & Technology. 39(12): 4333-4342, 2005.
[11] B. Rinkevich. Management of coral reefs: we have gone wrong when neglecting active reef restoration. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 56(11): 1821-1824, 2008.
[12] H.T. Yap, P.M. Alino and E.D. Gomez. Trends in growth and mortality of three coral species (Anthozoa: Scleractinia), including effects of transplantation. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 83: 91-101, 1992.
[13] L.D. Smith and T.P. Hughes. An experimental assessment of survival, re-attachment and fecundity of coral fragments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 235(1): 147-164, 1999.
[14] N. Okubo, T. Motokawa and M. Omori. When fragmented coral spawn? Effect of size and timing on survivorship and fecundity of fragmentation in Acropora formosa. Marine Biology. 151(1):353-363, 2006.
[15] P.C. Cabaitan, E.D. Gomez and P.M. Aliño. Effects of coral transplantation and giant clam restocking on the structure of fish communities on degraded patch reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 357(1):85-98, 2008.
[16] H.T. Yap. Local changes in community diversity after coral transplantation. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 374:33-41, 2009.
[17] A.A. Shantz, A.C. Stier and J.A. Idjadi. Coral density and predation affect growth of a reef-building coral.Coral Reefs. 30(2):363-367, 2011.
[18] N.A. Christiansen, S. Ward, S. Harii and I.R. Tibbetts. Grazing by a small fish affects the early stages of a post-settlement stony coral. Coral Reefs. 28(1): 47-51, 2009.
[19] R.P.M. Bak. Sea urchin bioerosion on coral reefs: place in the carbonate budget and relevant variables. Coral Reefs. 13(2): 99-103, 1994.
[20] S.W. Davies and P.D. Vize. Effects of herbivore grazing on juvenile coral growth in the Gulf of Mexico. The 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, Florida, USA. 1: 1214-1218, 2008.
[21] R.P.M. Bak and G. van Eys. Predation of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum Philippi on living coral. Oecologia. 20(2): 111-115, 1975.
[22] E.A. Titlyanov and T.V. Titlyanova.Coral-algal competition on damaged reefs. Russian Journal of Marine Biology. 34(4): 199-219, 2008.
[23] D. Bender, G. Diaz-Pulido and S. Dove. Effects of macroalgae on corals recovering from disturbance. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 429:15-19, 2012.
[24] D.M. Ceccarelli, G.P. Jones and L.J. McCook. Interactions between herbivorous fish guilds and their influence on algal succession on a coastal coral reef. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 399(1): 60-67, 2011.
[25] T.P. Hughes, M.J. Rodrigues, D.R. Bellwood, D. Ceccarelli, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, L. McCook, N. Moltschaniwskyj, M.S. Pratchett, R.S. Steneck and B. Willis. Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change. Current Biology. 17(4): 360-365, 2007.
[26] D.R. Bellwood, T.P. Hughes, C. Folke and M. Nystrom. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature. 429(6994): 827-833, 2004.
[27] M.L. Trapon, M.S. Pratchett, A.S. Hoey and A.H. Baird. Influence of fish grazing and sedimentation on the early post-settlement survival of the tabular coral Acropora cytherea. Coral Reefs. 32(4): 1051-1059, 2013.
[28] M.V.B. Baria, J.R. Guest, A.J. Edwards, P.M. Aliño, A.J. Heyward and E.D. Gomez. Caging enhances post-settlement survival of juveniles of the scleractinian coral Acropora tenuis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 394(1-2): 149-153, 2010.
[29] K.E. Kohler and S.M. Gill. Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe): A Visual Basic program for the determination of coral and substrate coverage using random point count methodology. Computers & Geosciences. 32(9): 1259-1269, 2006.
[30] M.W. Miller and M.E. Hay. Coral-Seaweed-Grazer-Nutrient Interactions on Temperate Reefs. Ecological Monographs. 66(3): 323, 1996.
[31] J.E. Tanner. Competition between scleractinian corals and macroalgae: An experimental investigation of coral growth, survival and reproduction. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 190(2): 151-168, 1995.
[32] A.L. Green and D.R. Bellwood. Monitoring functional groups of herbivorous reef fishes as indicators of coral reef resilience – A practical guide for coral reef managers in the Asia Pacific region, IUCN working group on Climate Change and Coral Reefs. Gand:IUCN, 2009.
[33] P.J. Mumby. Herbivory versus corallivory: are parrotfish good or bad for Caribbean coral reefs?. Coral Reefs. 28(3): 683-690, 2009.
[34] P.J. Mumby, A.R. Harborne, J. Williams, C.V. Kappel, D.R. Brumbaugh, F. Micheli, K.E. Holmes, C.P. Dahlgren, C.B. Paris and P.G. Blackwell. Trophic cascade facilitates coral recruitment in a marine reserve. Proceeding of National Academic Science USA. 104(20): 8362-8367, 2007.
[35] M.W. Miller and M.E. Hay. Effects of fish predation and seaweed competition on the survival and growth of corals. Oecologia. 113(2): 231-238 1998.
[36] A.S. Hoey and D.R. Bellwood. Cross-shelf variation in the role of parrotfishes on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs. 27(1): 37-47, 2007.
[37] A.S. Hoey, M.S. Pratchett and C. Cvitanovic. High macroalgal cover and low coral recruitment undermines the potential resilience of the world's southernmost coral reef assemblages. PLoS One. 6(10): e25824, 2011.
[38] Y. Nozawa, M. Tokeshi and S. Nojima. Reproduction and recruitment of scleractinian corals in a high-latitude coral community, Amakusa, southwestern Japan. Marine Biology. 149(5): 1047-1058, 2006.
[39] R.D. Villanueva, H.T. Yap and M.N.E. Montaño. Intensive fish farming in the Philippines is detrimental to the reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 316: 165-174, 2006.
[40] J. Wilson and P. Harrison. Post-settlement mortality and growth of newly settled reef corals in a subtropical environment. Coral Reefs. 24(3): 418-421, 2005.