Challenges for genetic improvement of livestock and aquatic animals
Keywords:
Genetic improvement, food security, , climate change, animal welfareAbstract
This article reviews the challenges for genetic improvement of livestock and aquatic animals to produce suffi cient qualities and quantities of food supplies for the increasing world population. Both sectors are threatened by various factors, and genetic improvement is a promising way to achieve the goals. For livestock genetic improvement, it is crucial to enhance contributions to small scale farmers, probably through on-farm genetic improvement programs, while minimizing the impact on extinction of local breeds. Genetic improvement can mitigate climate change by improving traits that indirectly result in less emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) throughout the production period. It also provides adaptation measures by improving animals with adaptability (e.g., heat tolerance, disease resistance, etc.) traits. Genetic improvement for stress tolerance and other related traits would cope with issues on animal welfare while disease resistant traits would partially solve problems enhanced by globalization (e.g., trans-boundary animal translocation). While in the aquaculture sector, genetic improvement also has high potential to overcome the upcoming limitations and threats, particularly climate change (e.g., improving salt tolerance traits to cope with saline water intrusion, stress tolerance traits to withstand extreme environments, etc.), concern about animal welfare (e.g., improving stress tolerant traits), and globalization (e.g., improving disease resistant traits). However, due to a large number of species to work with and short history of development, there are more limitations to tackle on the aquaculture side. To attain a successful genetic improvement program, the studies on the following issues are at priori, characterization of gene pools, development of effi cient breeding techniques, development of cost effective tagging techniques, and characterization of target traits for genetic improvement.
References
ADB. 2005. An Impact Evaluation of the Development of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia and Their Dissemination in Selected Countries. The Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines, pp. 137.
Argue, B. J., Arce, S. M., Lotz, J. M. and Moss, S. M. 2002. Selective breeding of Pacifi c white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) for growth and resistance to Taura Syndrome Virus. Aquaculture 204, 447-460.
Ayibotele, N. B. 1992. The World’s Water. Keynote paper, International Conference on Water and the Environment, Dublin, Ireland, 26-31 January 1992, pp. 26.
Bakos, J., Varadi, L., Gorda, S. and Jeney, Z. 2006. Lessons from the breeding program on common carp in Hungary. In: Ponzoni, R.W., Acosta, B.O. and Ponniah A.G. (Eds.), Development of Aquatic Animal Genetic Improvement and Dissemination Programs: Current Status and Action Plans, WorldFish Center Conference Proceedings 73, pp. 27-33.
Berthouly-Salazar, C., The´venon, S., Van, T. N., Nguyen, B.T., Pham, L. D., Chi, C.V. and Maillard, J. 2012. Uncontrolled admixture and loss of genetic diversity in a local Vietnamese pig breed. Ecology and Evolution 2(5), 962–975. doi: 10.1002/ece3.229
Broom, D. M. 1987. Applications of neurobiological studies to farm animal welfare. Current Topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science 42, 101-110.
Brown, R. C., Woolliams, J. A. and McAndrew, B. J. 2005. Factors influencing effective population size in commercial populations of gilthead seabream, Sparus auratus. Aquaculture 247, 219-225.
Cai, C. 2012.The risk of foot and mouth disease entering China through the movement of animals from Upper Mekong region countries. Ph.D. thesis, Murdoch University. Available on web http://researchre pository.murdoch.edu.au/13598/
Capper, J. L., Cady, R. A. and Bauman, D. E. 2009. The environmental impact of dairy production: 1944 compared with 2007. Journal of Animal Science 87, 2160-2167.
Carpenter, S, Wilson, A. and Mellor, P. S. 2009. Culicoides and the emergence of bluetongue virus in northern Europe. Trends in Microbiology 17(4), 172-178.
Chansu, N. and Tangtrongphairot. C. 2005. Survey Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) disease of fancy carp (Cyprinus carpio Linn.) in Bangkok and perimeter in March - June 2005. Thai Veterinary Medical Association 56 (3), 13-21.
Chucherd, N., Limsuwan, C., Sriwongpuk, S. and Flegel, T.W. 2007. Study of Macrobrachium rosenbergii Nodavirus (MrNV) and Extrasmall virus (XSV) infection in intensive farm-reared giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) in Thailand. Journal of The National Research Council of Thailand (Sci) 39(1), 65-81.
Crespel, A., Bernatchez, L. and Audet, C. 2011. Quantitative genetic analysis of the physiological stress response in three strains of brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis and their hybrids. Journal of Fish Biology 79, 2019–2033.
De Silva, S. S. and Soto, D. 2009. Climate change and aquaculture: potential impacts, adaptation and mitigation. In: Cochrane, K., De Young, C., Soto, D. and Bahri, T. (Eds.), Climate change implications for fi sheries and aquaculture: overview of current scientifi c knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 530.Rome, FAO, pp. 151-212.
Dikmen, S., Alava, E., Pontes, E., Fear, J. M., Dikmen, B. Y., Olson, T.A. and Hansen, P. J. 2008. Differences in thermoregulatory ability between slick-haired and wild-type lactating Holstein cows in response to acute heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science 91(9), 3395-3402.
Eknath, A. E. and Acosta, B. O. 1998. Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapias (GIFT) Project Final Report, March 1998 to December 1997. ICLARM, Makati City, Philippines, pp. 75.
FAO. 2009. The State of Food and Agriculture. Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation, Rome. pp. 166.
FAO. 2012. The Global Foot and Mouth Disease Control Strategy. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation, Rome, pp. 26. (http://www.fao.org/ docrep/015/an390e/an390e.pdf)
FAO. 2013a. AQUASTAT. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/ aquastat/water_use/index.stm, downloaded on November 16, 2013.
F AO. 2013b. Loss of biodiversity in livestock (animal biodiversity). Livestock and Environment Toolbox. Available at http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/ programmes/en/lead/toolbox/Indust/LossAgbi.htm, downloaded on November 25, 2013.
FAO. 2015. FishStatJ. http://www.fao.org/fi shery/statistics/ software/fi shstatj/en#downlApp. Downloaded on September 6, 2015.
Garcia-Ulloa, M., Villa, R. L. and Martinez, T. M. 2001. Growth and feed utilization of the tilapia hybrid Oreochromis mossambicus x O. niloticus cultured at different salinities under controlled laboratory conditions. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 32, 117-121.
Gebreyohannes, G., Koonawootrittriron, S., Elzo, M.A. and Suwanasopee, T. 2015. Genotype by environment interaction effect on lactation pattern and milk production traits in an Ethiopian dairy cattle population. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science) 48, 38-51.
Gjedrem, T. 2012. Genetic improvement for the development of effi cient global aquaculture: A personal opinion review. Aquaculture 344, 12–22.
Grandin, T. 1994. Solving livestock handling problems. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 89, 989-998
Green, D. M., Kiss, I. Z. and Kao, R. R. 2006. Modelling the initial spread of foot-and-mouth disease through animal movements. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: BiologicalSciences 7, 273(1602), 2729-35.
Haile, A., Joshi, B. K., Ayalew, W., Tegegne, A., Singh, A. 2009. Genetic evaluation of Ethiopian Boran cattle and their crosses with Holstein Friesian in central Ethiopia: milk production traits. Animal 3(4), 486-493. doi: 10.1017/S1751731108003868.
Henryon, M., Berg, P., Olesen, N. J., Kjaer, T.E., Slierendrecht, W. J., Jokumsen, A. and Lund, I. 2005. Selective breeding provides an approach to increase resistance of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) to the diseases, enteric red mouth disease, rainbow trout fry syndrome, and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia. Aquaculture 250, 621-636.
Hume, D. A., Whitelaw, C. B. A. and Archibald, A. L. 2011. Foresight project on global food and farming futures, The future of animal production: improving productivity and sustainability. The Journal of Agricultural Science 149, (Suppl. 1), 1-8 Doi:10.1017/ S0021859610001188
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. In: Solomon, S. Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor M. and Miller, H. L. (Eds.), Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, pp. 103.
Jones, H. E., Warkup, C. C.,Williams, A. and Audsley, E. 2008. The effect of genetic improvement on emissions from livestock systems. (Abstract) Proc. 59th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production Vilnius, Lithuania, pp. 28.
Julian, R. J. 1993. Ascites in poultry. Avian Pathology 22, 419-454. Julian, R. J., Friars, G.W., French, H. and McQuinton, M. 1986. The relationship of right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular failure and ascites to weight gain in broiler and rooster chickens. Avian Diseases 31(1), 130-135.
Karaket, T., Poompuang, S., Na-Nakorn, U., Kamonrat, W., Hallerman, E. M. 2011. DNA microsatellitebased evaluation of early growth performance among strains of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man. Aquaculture 311, 115-122.
Koonawootrittriron, S., Elzo, M. A. and Thongprapi, T. 2009. Genetic trends in a Holstein×other breeds multibreed dairy population in Central Thailand. Livestock Science 122 (2), 186-192.
Kutz, S., Garde, E., Veitch, A., Nagy, J., Ghandi, F. and Polley, L. 2004. Muskox lungworm (Umingmak-strongylus pallikuukensis) does not establish in experimentally exposed thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40(2), 197–204.
Lafarga-de la Cruz, F., Espinoza, A. A. and GallardoEscárate, C. 2013. Parentage assignment in hybrid abalones (Haliotis rufescens × Haliotis discus hannai) based on microsatellite DNA markers. Aquaculture Research 46, 216-225. DOI:10.1111/are. 12169.
Lambin, E. F. and Meyfroidt, P. 2011. Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity. PNAS 108 (9), 3466-3472. www.pnas. org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1100480108
Limsuwan, C. and Chuchird, N. 2007. Taura syndrome virus disease in farm-reared Penaeus monodon in Thailand. Kasetsart Journal(Natural Science) 41, 319-323.
Long, C. R. 1980. Crossbreeding for beef production: Experimental results. Journal of Animal Science 51(5) , 1197-1223.
Mahapatra, K. D., Jana, R. K., Gjerde, B. and Sarangi, N. 2006. Lessons from the breeding program of rohu. Pp. 34-40, In: Ponzoni, R. W., Acosta, B. O. and Ponniah A. G. (Eds.), Development of Aquatic Animal Genetic Improvement and Dissemination Programs: Current Status and Action Plans, WorldFish Center Conference Proceedings 73, pp. 34-40.
Mahapatra, K., Gjerde, B., Sahoo, P. K., Saha, J.N., Barat, A., Sahoo, M., Mohanty, B. R., Ødegárd, J., Rye, M. and Salte, R. 2008. Genetic variations in survival of rohu carp (Labeo rohita, Hamilton) after Aeromonas hydrophila infection in challenge tests. Aquaculture 279, 29-34.
Mohlatlole, R. P., Dzomba, E. F. and Muchadey, F. C. 2015. Addressing production challenges in goat production systems of South Africa: The genomics approach. Small Ruminant Research 131, 43–49, http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.smallrumres. 2015.08.003
Muir, W. M. and Craig, J. V. 1998. Improving animal well-being through genetic selection. Poultry Science 77, 1781-1788.
Na-Nakorn, U., Chantsawang, S., Tarnchalanukit, W. 1994. Response to mass selection for resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Clarias macrocephalus. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 4(4), 65-74.
Na-Nakorn, U. 2013. Interspecific Hybrid Catfish in Thailand. In: Ruane, J., Dargie, J. D., Mba, C., Boettcher, P., Makkar, H. P. S., Bartley, D. M. and Sonnino, A. (Eds.), Biotechnologies at Work for Smallholders: Case Studies from Developing Countries in Crops, Livestock and Fish: FAO, Rome, pp. 149-155.
Norris, A. T., Bradley, D. G. and Cunningham, E. P. 2000. Parentage and relatedness determination in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using microsatellite markers. Aquaculture 182, 73–83.
Nukwan, S., Tangtrongpiros, M., Lawanyawut, K. and Veerasidth, P. 1990. Cross breeding between Clarias macrocephalus and Clarias gariepinus. In: Proceedings of the 28th Kasetsart University Conference, Fisheries Section, 29–31 January 1990, Bangkok, pp. 553–567.
Nuntawan Na Ayudhya, S., Assavacheep, P., Thanawongnuwech, R. 2012. One world – one health: the threat of emerging swine diseases. An Asian perspective. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 59 (Suppl. 1), 9–17. doi:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01309.
Ødegård, J., Baranski, M., Gjerde, B. and Gjedrem, T. 2011. Methodology for genetic evaluation of disease resistance in aquaculture species: challenges and future prospects. Aquaculture Research 42, 103-114.
Olson, T. A., Lucena, C., Chase Jr., C. C. and Hammond, A. C. 2003. Evidence of a major gene infl uencing hair length and heat tolerance in Bos taurus cattle. Journal of Animal Science 81 (1), 80-90.
Oltenacu, P. A. and Broom, D. M. 2010. The impact of genetic selection for increased milk yield on the welfare of dairy cows. Animal Welfare 19, 39-49.
Peacock, C. 2008. Dairy goat development in East Africa: A replicable model for smallholders? Small Ruminant Research 77, 225-238
Peacock, C., Ahuya, C. O., Ojango, J. M. K. and Okeyo, A. M. 2011. Practical crossbreeding for improved livelihoods in developing countries: The FARM Africa goat project. Livestock Science 136, 38-44.
Poff, N. L., Brinson, M. M. and Day Jr., J. W. 2002. Aquatic ecosystems & global climate change: potential impacts on inland freshwater and coastal wetland ecosystems in the United States. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Arlington, Virginia, pp. 45.
Ponzoni, R. W., Khaw, H. L. and Yee, H.Y., 2010. GIFT: The Story since Leaving ICLARM (now known as TheWorldFish Center): Socioeconomic, Access and Benefi t Sharing and Dissemination Aspects. FNI Report 14/2010. TheWorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia, pp. 8.
Prayaga, K. C. and Henshall, J. M. 2005. Adaptability in tropical beef cattle: Genetic parameters of growth, adaptive and temperament traits in a crossbred population. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45 (7-8), 971-983.
Rahel, F. J. and Olden, J. D. 2008. Assessing the effects of climate change on aquatic invasive species. Conservation Biology 22(3), 521–533.
Rege, J. E. O., Marshall, K., Notenbaert, A., Ojango, J. M. K. and Okeyo, A. M. 2011. Pro-poor animal improvement and breeding-What can science do? Livestock Science136, 15-28.
Ridha, M. T. 2012. Preliminary observations on growth and survival of Oreochromis spilurus x GIFT Oreochromis niloticus F1 reciprocal hybrids in fresh and seawater. Aquaculture Research 45(3), 528-536.
Rijberman, F. R. 2006. Water scarcity: Fact or fi ction? Agricultural Water Management 80, 5-12. Sarakul, M., Koonawootrittriron, S., Elzo M. A. and Suwanasopee, T. 2011. Factors infl uencing genetic change for milk yield within farms in Central Thailand. Asian- Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 24, 1031-1040.
Sekino, M. and Hara, M. 2007. Individual assignment tests proved genetic boundaries in a species complex of Pacific abalone (genus Haliotis). Conservation Genetics 8, 823–841.
Stear, M. J., Bishop, S. C., Mallard, B. A. and Raadsma, H. 2001. The sustainability, feasibility and desirability of breeding livestock for disease resistance. Research in Veterinary Science 71 (1), 1-7. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ pii/S0034528801904965)
Tadesse, M. and Dessie, T. 2003. Milk production performance of Zebu, Holstein Friesian and their crosses in Ethiopia. Li vestock Research for Rural Development 15 (3), 28-37.
Tantilertcharoen, R., Kiatipattanasakul, W. and Thanawongnuwech, R. 1999. A report of circovirus infection in pigs in Thailand. Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 29, 73-83.
Thanawongnuwech, R., Amonsin, A. Tatsanakit, A. and Damrongwatanapokin, S. 2004a. Genetics and geographical variation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in Thailand. Veterinary Microbiology101, 9-21.
Thanawongnuwech, R., Thacker, B., Halbur, P., Thacker, E. L. 2004b. Increased production of proinfl ammatory cytokines following infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, 901-908.
Thodesen, J. and Gjedrem, T. 2006. Breeding programs on Atlantic Salmon in Norway-Lessons learned. In Ponzoni, R.W., Acosta, B.O. and Ponniah A.G. (Eds.), Development of Aquatic Animal Genetic Improvement and Dissemination Programs: Current Status and Action Plans, WorldFish Center Conference Proceedings 73, pp. 22-26.
Villegas, C. T. 1990. Growth and survival of Oreochromis niloticus, O. mossambicus and their F1 hybrids at various salinities. In Hirano, R. and Hanyu, I. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second Asian Fisheries Forum. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, pp. 507–510.
Wachirachaikarn, A., Prakoon, W., Nguyen, T. T. T., Prompakdee, W. and Na-Nakorn, U. 2011. Loss of genetic variation of Phalacronotus bleekeri (Günther, 1864) in the hatchery stocks revealed by newly developed microsatellites. Aquaculture 321, 298-302.
Wongsathapornchai, K., Salman, M. D., Edwards, J. R., Morley, P.S., Keefe, T. J., Van Campen, H., Weber, S. and Premashthira, S. 2008. Use of epidemiologic risk modeling to evaluate control of foot-and-mouth disease in southern Thailand. American Journal of Veterinary Research 69(2), 240-251. doi: 10.2460/ ajvr.69.2.240.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
