Development of Ultrasonic Extraction Techniques for Bioactive Compounds from Banana Peel Waste: A Comparative Study of Biological Activities
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Abstract
Banana peel (Musa spp.), an abundant agricultural by-product, represents a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in functional food and cosmeceutical industries. This study investigated the influence of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity, and tyrosinase inhibitory capacity of peel extracts from four economically important cultivars: Cavendish, Bluggoe, Pisang Awak, and Red Dacca. Extraction was conducted using 70% (v/v) aqueous ethanol under ultrasonic conditions at three temperatures (30, 50, and 70 °C) and three time intervals (30, 60, and 120 min). The results demonstrated that Pisang Awak peel extract exhibited the highest TPC (4.63 mg GAE/g extract) and TFC (4.28 mg QE/g extract). Antioxidant capacity evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays revealed superior activity for Pisang Awak extract (IC50 = 1.27 µg/mL; FRAP = 3.71 mg TE/g extract). This cultivar also demonstrated significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC50= 1.34 mg/mL). Optimization studies identified 50 °C and 60 min as optimal extraction parameters, yielding maximum extraction efficiency across all cultivars. These findings establish UAE as an effective technology for recovering bioactive compounds from banana peel waste, particularly the Pisang Awak cultivar, which shows considerable promise for development into nutraceutical and cosmeceutical formulations. This valorization approach promotes sustainable waste management and circular bioeconomy principles in the agricultural sector.
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