Facile Assembly of Herbal-Organic and Inorganic Composite for Enhancing Antioxidant and Antibacterial Efficiency
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This study focused on the fabrication of multifunctional organic–inorganic composites composed of mixed herbal extracts from mangosteen peel (MP), pomelo peel (PP), and cucumber (CP) peel, biomass-derived activated carbon (AC), and zinc oxide@ZnAl-layered double hydroxide (ZnO@ZnAl-LDH) by a mechanochemical solid–solid process. The as-synthesized composites were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, and zeta potential analyses, and their biological activities were evaluated. The MP/PP/CP@AC/LDH composite exhibited superior antioxidant performance, with IC₅₀ values of 136.6 µg/mL for DPPH radicals and 195.8 µg/mL for ABTS radicals, which were significantly lower than those of single-extract or single-host systems. The enhanced radical-scavenging behavior was attributed to the synergistic host–guest and guest–guest interactions among ZnO, ZnAl-LDH, AC, and bioactive compounds. Moreover, the composite demonstrated the pronounced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and partial inhibition toward Escherichia coli, owing to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and membrane disruption. These findings suggested that MP/PP/CP@AC/LDH was a promising multifunctional herbal material for antioxidant and antimicrobial applications.
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