Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Signal Analysis of Fossil Teeth from Mae Moh Mine, Thailand
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigates the characteristics of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) signals in fossil tooth enamel collected from the Mae Moh lignite mine in Lampang Province, Thailand. ESR spectra were recorded at room temperature (298 K) using a Bruker EMX Premium spectrometer operating at X-band (9.85 GHz) with a modulation frequency of 100 kHz and a modulation amplitude of 0.3 mT. The most prominent signal was observed at g ≈ 2.002, attributable to trapped carbonate radicals within the hydroxyapatite crystal lattice. By applying the Multiple-Aliquot Additive Dose (MAAD) protocol, the ESR intensity at g ≈ 2.002 exhibited a strong linear relationship with laboratory-administered gamma doses (0–2000 Gy), yielding a dose-response slope of 0.2185 a.u./Gy (R2 = 0.907). From this calibration, the natural accumulated dose for the fossil teeth was determined to be 550 ± 30 Gy. These findings demonstrate the reliability of ESR signal analysis for quantifying accumulated radiation dose in fossil enamel and support its application for future geochronological investigations in the Mae Moh basin.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Formela, K. Waste tire rubber-based materials: Processing, performance properties and development strategies. Adv. Ind. Eng. Polym. Res. 2022, 5(4), 234–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.06.003
Ali, F.; Denis, R. Waste Rubber Recycling: A Review on the Evolution and Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers. Materials 2020, 13(3), 782. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030782
Daniele, R.; Andrea, D. Novel uses of recycled rubber in civil applications. Adv. Ind. Eng. Polym. Res. 2022, 5(4), 214–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.08.005
Pranay, G.; Sukhanand, S. B.; Rohit, S.; Praful, S.; Ajay, G. D. Use of waste rubber tyre in construction of bituminous road. Int. Res. J. Mod. Eng. Technol. Sci. 2023, 5(8), 1395–1401. https://doi.org/10.56726/irjmets44098
Dennis, G. The value of different recycling technologies for waste rubber tires in the circular economy—A review. Front. Sustain. 2024, 4, 1282805. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2023.1282805
Said, S.; Lucía, A.; Morena, R. M.; Nourredine, A. H. Thermo-mechanical devulcanization and recycling of rubber industry waste. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2019, 144, 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.047
Zhao, X.; Hu, H.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, Z.; Peng, S.; Sun, Y. Curing behaviors, mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical analysis and morphologies of natural rubber vulcanizates containing reclaimed rubber. e-Polymers 2019, 19(1), 482–488. DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2019-0051
Darestani, F. T.; Bakhshandeh, G. R.; Abtahi, M. Mechanical and Viscoelastic properties of natural rubber/reclaimed rubber blends. Polym. Bull. 2006, 56(4-5), 495–505. DOI: 10.1007/s00289-006-0508-4
Aditya, R.; Pranav, K. S.; Prashant, P.; Nimisha, R. S. Minimization and Utilization of Byproduct. Int. J. Innov. Eng. Sci. 2023, 8(5), 38–41. https://doi.org/10.46335/IJIES.2023.8.5.8
Mishel, P. F.; Steffi, P. F.; Vijayalakshmi, S. Conventional and modern waste treatment approaches – bioremediation of rubber waste. In Sustainable Bio-Remediation of Waste Rubber, Elsevier: 2023; pp 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15206-1.00007-4
Tao, Z.; Lucia, A.; Michel, G.; Nourredine, A. H. An overview on waste rubber recycling by microwave devulcanization. J. Environ. Manage. 2024, 353, 120122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120122
Woo, C. S.; Park, H. S. Useful lifetime prediction of rubber component. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2011, 18(7), 1645–1651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2011.01.003
Núñez, L.; Villanueva, M.; Núñez, M. R.; Rial, B. Lifetime prediction of the epoxy system DGEBA (n= 0)/1, 2-DCH modified with an epoxy reactive diluent by thermogravimetric analysis. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003, 89(14), 3835–3839. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.12536
Viorel, S.; Orsina, V.; Alexandru, P. The estimation of thermal endurance for some heteropoly acidic catalysts from thermogravimetric decomposition data. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2017, 127(1), 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5479-6
Ngudsuntear, K.; Limtrakul, S.; Vatanatham, T.; Arayapranee, W. Mechanical and aging properties of hydrogenated epoxidized natural rubber and its lifetime prediction. ACS Omega 2022, 7(41), 36448–36456. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c04225
Ahn, W.; Lee, J. M.; Lee, H. S. A Study on Life Time Prediction of ACM Rubber Composite Using Accelerated Test and Thermogravimetric Analysis. Elastomers Compos. 2014, 49(2), 144–148. https://doi.org/10.7473/EC.2014.49.2.144
Toop, D. Theory of Life Testing and Use of Thermogravimetric Analysis to Predict the Thermal Life of Wire Enamels. IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 1971, EI-6(1), 2–14. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1971.299128
Plota, A.; Masek, A. Lifetime Prediction Methods for Degradable Polymeric Materials—A Short Review. Materials 2020, 13 (20), 4507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13204507
Saiwari, S.; Lohyi, E.; Nakason, C. Application of NR Gloves Reclaim: Cure and Mechanical Properties of NR/Reclaim Rubber Blends. Adv. Mater. Res. 2013, 844, 437–440. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.844.437.
Thitithammawong, A.; Hayichelaeh, C.; Nakason, W.; Jehvoh, N. The use of reclaimed rubber from waste tires for production of dynamically cured natural rubber/reclaimed rubber/polypropylene blends: Effect of reclaimed rubber loading. J. Met. Mater. Miner. 2019, 29(2), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.14456/jmmm.2019.24
Candau, N.; Chazeau, L.; Chenal, J. M.; Gauthier, C.; Ferreira, J.; Munch, E.; Thiaudière, D. Strain induced crystallization and melting of natural rubber during dynamic cycles. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17 (23), 15331–15338. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP00384A
Lu, L.; Lu, L.; Cai, J.; Frost, R. L. Desorption of stearic acid upon surfactant adsorbed montmorillonite: A thermogravimetric study. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2010, 100(1), 141–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0169-2
Ammineni, S. P.; Nagaraju, C.; Lingaraju, D. Thermal degradation of naturally aged NBR with time and temperature. Mater. Res. Express 2022, 9(6), 065305. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac7302
Mohit, A.; Remya, N. Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics study of native polyculture microalgae using thermogravimetric analysis. Biomass Convers. Biorefin. 2024, 14(16), 19825–19833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04175-z
Joseph, A. M.; George, B.; Alex, R. Effect of devulcanization on crosslink density and crosslink distribution of carbon black filled natural rubber vulcanizates. Rubber Chem. Technol. 2016, 89(4), 653–670. https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.16.84819
