Enhancement of Bioactive Compounds and Nutrient Content in Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) Using Nano-Magnesium and NPK Fertilization: A GC-MS Analysis
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Abstract
This study investigated the effects of nano-magnesium and unbalanced NPK fertilizers on nutrient content and bioactive compounds in rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) during the 2021-2022 growing season in Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq. Nine treatments were applied: control, nano-magnesium (1 and 2 g/L), NPK (1 and 2 g/L), and their combinations, with three replications each. Foliar applications were administered to six-week-old seedlings, with harvest occurring 30 days post-treatment. Nutrient analysis revealed that the nano-magnesium (1 g/L) + NPK (2 g/L) combination yielded the highest nitrogen content (1.96%), while nano-magnesium alone (2 g/L) produced the lowest (0.98%). Phosphorus peaked at 0.277% with nano-magnesium (2 g/L) versus 0.100% in controls. Potassium reached 1.211% with combined nano-magnesium + NPK (both 1 g/L), while NPK alone (2 g/L) showed the minimum (0.588%). Total lipids increased from 0.852% (control) to 1.038% (nano-magnesium + NPK, both 2 g/L). Carbohydrate content varied dramatically, with the highest value of 13.77% (nano-magnesium 2 g/L + NPK 1 g/L) contrasting sharply with 4.675% (both fertilizers at 2 g/L). GC-MS profiling revealed substantial variation in bioactive compounds: control plants contained 16 compounds, while treatments ranged from 2 compounds (nano-magnesium at 2 g/L alone) to 36 compounds (NPK at 1 g/L + nano-magnesium at 2 g/L). n-hexadecanoic acid emerged as the predominant compound across treatments, ranging from 3.26% to 35.17%. These findings demonstrate that nano-magnesium and NPK fertilization significantly enhance the nutritional and phytochemical profiles of rosemary, with combined applications showing synergistic effects on the diversity of bioactive compounds.
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