In vitro Degradability and Rumen Microbial Dynamics in Goats Supplemented with Pleurotus Spent Mushroom Substrate at Different Inclusion Levels
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Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of Pleurotus spent mushroom substrate (PSMS) supplementation on in vitro degradability and rumen microbial dynamics in goats (Capra hircus). It aimed to determine the degradability of PSMS and its influence on gas production, nutrient degradability, and microbial composition. A Randomized Complete Block Design was employed with treatments: T0 – 0% PSMS (control), T1 – 3% PSMS, and T2 – 6% PSMS, all mixed with Napier grass. Parameters measured included in vitro gas production (IVGP), dry matter degradability (IVDMD), crude protein degradability (IVCPD), neutral detergent fiber degradability (IVNDFD), and acid detergent fiber degradability (IVADFD). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SAS OnDemand, with differences determined using Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test at α = 0.05. Microbial analysis showed the highest bacterial and protozoal populations in T1, whereas fungal populations were not detected in PSMS-supplemented treatments. This observation may be associated with the presence of phenolic compounds in PSMS, which originate from lignin degradation during mushroom cultivation and have been reported to exert antimicrobial or inhibitory effects on rumen microorganisms. Methodological factors, such as sampling rumen fluid and reliance on culture-based detection, may also have influenced fungal recovery. IVGP was numerically highest in T1 (52.39 cc), indicating enhanced fermentability. During the first digestion stage, the highest IVDMD occurred in T2 (54.85%), while IVCPD peaked in T1 (60.29%) but declined in T2 (37.60%), suggesting possible inhibitory effects at higher inclusion levels. IVNDFD and IVADFD were also higher in PSMS treatments, with IVADFD showing a significant linear increase (p=0.0294). In the second stage simulating abomasal digestion, DM degradability remained similar across treatments, while ADF degradability declined significantly in T2 (p=0.0035). Overall, 3% PSMS improved fermentability, digestibility, and microbial activity, indicating its potential as a sustainable ruminant feed supplement.
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