Towards Sustainable Electric Vehicle Charging: A Comprehensive Review of Methods, Energy Sources, Charging Technologies, Converter Configurations, and Various Optimization Strategies
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Abstract
The changeover from gasoline or petrol engines to electric vehicles (EVs) is motivated by advanced technologies that enhance EV adoption, efficiency, and accessibility. EVs address key challenges by reducing carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. Some key factors, such as EV sources, EV charging methods, EV technologies, converters used in EVs for battery charging, optimization methods incorporated, battery charging times, and EV prices across different sources, should be reviewed to motivate industrialists, researchers, and investors in EVs. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of EV charging technologies, different EV Charging stations (EVCSs), converters, EV charging system structures, and optimization techniques used to improve performance. Renewable energy–based EVCSs utilize locally available energy resources to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Recent advances in power converter topologies improve power quality and enable flexible AC/DC operation. EV charging methods include wireless charging, battery swapping, and pantograph systems. To meet diverse user demands, EV technologies integrate hybrid systems, fuel cells, batteries, and renewable sources. Optimization techniques enable efficient charging/discharging, grid code compliance, optimal charging station placement, coordinated multi-EV charging, and energy management. This study examines the factors influencing EVs and charging infrastructure, the challenges they face, and future directions, emphasizing the need for coordinated efforts by manufacturers, transport agencies, and governments to support sustainable, large-scale EV adoption.
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