Influence of Dietary Fermented Mulberry (Morus alba) Leaf Inclusion on Growth Performance and Immune Responses in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
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This study investigated the effects of dietary fermented mulberry leaves (FML) on growth performance, carcass traits, muscle composition, and innate immune responses of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The use of functional feed additives is increasingly emphasized in aquaculture to reduce antibiotic dependence, particularly during early life stages when fish are highly susceptible to disease. Juvenile tilapias were fed diets containing 0% (control), 1%, 2%, or 4% FML for 60 days. Dietary supplementation with FML significantly improved weight gain, length gain, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and survival (P < 0.05). The 2% FML diet produced the most favorable outcomes in muscle nutritional quality, including elevated crude protein and reduced lipid and fiber contents (P < 0.05). Immune parameters were also enhanced in fish receiving FML. Agglutination titers, lysozyme activity, and phagocytic efficiency increased significantly across FML-treated groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, the 2% inclusion level resulted in higher concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1, indicating activation of innate immune pathways (P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that FML, particularly at a 2% dietary inclusion, is an effective and environmentally sustainable feed supplement capable of improving growth performance, muscle composition, and immune competence in juvenile Nile tilapia. The incorporation of FML may therefore contribute to reduced reliance on antibiotics and support more sustainable aquaculture practices.
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