Development and Physical Characterization of Molded Charcoal Souvenir Products from Rubberwood Charcoal Reinforced with Tea Waste
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This research aimed to investigate the physical properties of molded charcoal produced from rubberwood biochar and tea waste, determine the optimal mixing ratio for forming stable products, and evaluate the production cost of the developed souvenir items. Rubberwood charcoal and tea waste were characterized for moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, iodine adsorption, and moisture adsorption capacity. The rubberwood charcoal exhibited a moisture content of 2.82 ± 0.17%, volatile matter of 85.83 ± 2.07%, ash content of 2.90 ± 0.18%, fixed carbon of 8.45 ± 1.72%, and an iodine adsorption value of 479.94 ± 20.00 mg/g. The tea waste showed a moisture content of 2.75 ± 0.17% and an ash content of 2.83 ± 0.18%. Four formulations with different weight ratios of charcoal powder to tea waste (3:0, 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) were prepared using tapioca starch as a binder, then formed into pieces using traditional mooncake molds. The 3:1 ratio was found to be the most suitable, providing compact, crack-free specimens with clear surface patterns, no loose powder after drying, and a slightly brown tea color. Moisture adsorption tests over 3 days confirmed that all formulations absorbed moisture, with the 3:1 formulation offering a good balance between structural integrity and functional performance. A preliminary cost analysis indicated that using 1 kg of mixed raw materials yielded 35 molded charcoal pieces at a total cost of 315.84 THB, or 9.02 THB per piece. The results demonstrate the technical feasibility and economic potential of upcycling rubberwood charcoal and tea waste into culturally inspired, environmentally friendly charcoal-based souvenir products with moisture adsorption capability suitable for community-based product development.
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