Techno-economics and Environmental Feasibility Study on Bio-jet Fuels from Bio-wastes and Energy Plants

Abstract

The global warming crisis is a global problem. The main cause has been the use of fossil fuels, which causes the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In 2022, the average temperature of the earth's surface and seawater will increase as high as 1.15 degrees Celsius compared to the pre-industrial era (1950), resulting in extreme global climate changes, caused by global damage of an average of 480 million US dollars per day. In 2021, Thailand has signed the United Nations Convention, to control the global average temperature not to be increase more than 1.5 degrees Celsius, an announce the goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 and net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2065.  Before the Covid-19 era. In 2019, Thai aviation industry used of fossil jet fuel was 19.5 million liters per day and emitted carbon dioxide into the atmosphere at the highest level of 34.949 million ton per year. Since 2030, Thai international airlines must maintain net carbon dioxide emissions at a constant level (neutralize) without exceeding the maximum emissions level. Bio-jet fuel can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by up to 100% compared to fossil jet fuel. The production of bio-jet fuel begins with bio-oil being reacted with hydrogen in a high-pressure reaction tank, it was getting a high hydrocarbon liquid fuel 80-95%, and then send into a high temperature distillation process. The product will be 21-25% bio-jet fuel, 8-18% bio-gasoline, 20-54% biodiesel, 22-25% biogas and 8-10% bio-oil waste. Raw materials suitable for producing bio-jet fuel; including used oil palm, cooking oil, jatropha, sugarcane and cassava. The suitable bio-jet fuel production technology for Thailand are the Hydro-processing of Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA), the Biomass Gasification process with Fischer-Tropsch with Aromatic (Gas + FTA) and the Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) process.