Biofuel and Charcoal Properties of Discarded Aromatic Coconut Residues from Agro-industry
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This research aims to utilize four types of discarded aromatic coconut waste, namely coconut shells, husks, husk with attached shells, and empty fruit bunches obtained from the agriculture industries in Ratchaburi and Samut Songkhram provinces, to analyze their fuel properties and charcoal produced from both a pit kiln and 200-liter drum kiln. The proximate analysis included moisture content, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon according to the ASTM D3172-13(2021)e1 standard. The study also evaluated the calorific value using a bomb calorimeter and conducted an ultimate analysis of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur contents. Additionally, the study investigated the potential for briquetting biomass fuel and charcoal using cassava starch as a binder. The results showed minor differences in the high heating value (HHV) of the materials, which varied according to their group and origin. The HHV of the coconut wastes ranged from 17.38 to 20.48 MJ/kg, while the charcoal produced from these materials ranged from 24.14 to 31.84 MJ/kg. The HHV from both kiln types were similar, with coconut shells yielding the HHV, followed by husks with attached shells. The predicted HHV of the charcoal, based on the equation proposed by Demirbas from the proximate analysis data, showed an average deviation of less than 5%, which is practical for applications. The most suitable biomass fuel for briquetting was found to be coconut husk biomass and coconut shell charcoal, as both provided HHVs exceeding 20 MJ/kg.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
ลิขสิทธ์ ของมหาวิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีราชมงคลพระนครReferences
Ratchaburi Provincial Hall, “Ratchaburi Provincial Development Plan 2023-2027 (Revised version, Budget of year 2025),” [Online]. Available: https://rbpho.moph.go.th/upload-file/doc/files/25122023-093716-6010.pdf. [Accessed: Jul. 10, 2024].
P. Saradhuldhat, M. Choorueng, S. Abdullakasim, and L. Phavaphutanon, “Macro-nutrient content in aromatic coconut produce,” Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, vol. 42, suppl.3, pp. 192-197, 2014.
A. Sukdaeng, N. Jaroonchon, K. Krisanapook, and W. Imsabai, “Study on maturation stages of aromatic coconut fruit within the same bunch,” Journal of Agriculture Science and Management, vol. 3, pp. 53-62, Sep.-Dec. 2020.
N. Ardong, B. Uprasert, and B. Keowan, “Extension needs of aromatic coconut waste management by farmers in Damnoen Saduak Districe, Ratchaburi Province,” in Proceeding of the 9th National and the 7th International Conference on Research and Innovation Development for the Next Normal Society: Transition from the New Normal, Northeastern University, 2022, pp. 1174-1185.
J. Chotiratanasak, T. Vitidsant, N. Chuenban, C. Chertchuwongtanakorn, P. Yoosabai, and J. Natakaranakul, “A Study on the carbonization of young coconut husks waste using a smokeless charcoal kiln,” Udon Thani Rajabhat University Journal of Sciences and Technology, vol. 12, pp. 63-80, May-Aug. 2024.
W. Nunkong and K. Mekkaew, “Charcoal briquettes from coconut coir,” Academic Journal of Science and Technology Dhonburi Rajabhat University, vol. 1, pp. 1-11, Jan.-Jun 2023.
N. Wichianphong, T. Juepanit, and P. Miangkae, “Production of fuel pellets from coconut coir dust mixed with biomass wastes,” Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 5, pp. 112-126, Sep.-Dec. 2020.
ASTM, “Standard Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke,” [Online]. Available: https://store.astm.org/d3172-13r21e01.html. [Accessed: Dec. 20, 2024].
S. R. Anggita, R. F. Devarasalya, I. Istikomah, and A. Bawono, “Utilization of LDPE plastic waste, coconut shell and coconut husk as basic material for briquettes with tapioca starch adhesive,” Jurnal Ilmu Fiska, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 81–90. 2023.
C. Kumpapai, N. Boonthanom, T. Rodjananon, and J. Wongthanate, “The Efficiency comparison of fuel briquettes from agricultural wastes,” The Journal of Industrial Technology, vol. 16, pp. 28-38, Sep.-Dec. 2020.
Department of Industrial Works, “Guidelines and criteria for waste properties for fuel briquette processing and interlocking blocks,” [Online]. Available: http://webintra.diw.go.th/iwmb/. [Accessed: Jul. 15, 2024]
V. S. Morales III, J. C. Elauria, and M. M. Elauria, “Carbonization of young coconut (Cocosnucifera) wastes,” Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy, vol. 94, pp.1120-1128, Oct. 2015.
Thai Industrial Standards Institute, “Thai Community Product Standards,” [Online]. Available: https://tcps.tisi.go.th/public/StandardList.aspx. [Accessed: Jul. 15, 2024].
EBC “European Biochar Certificate-Guidelines for a sustainable production of biochar, European Biochar Foundation (EBC): Arbaz, Switzerland,” [Online]. Available: https://www.carbon-standards.com/docs/e71c07d0d6cfe1767107d54e743c90e2_version_en_10_1.pdf. [Accessed: Jul. 30, 2024].
A. A. Rumaihi, M. Shahbaz, G. Mckay, H. Mackey, and T. A. Ansari, “A review of pyrolysis technologies and feedstock: A blending approach for plastic and biomass towards optimum biochar yield,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 167, p.112715, Oct. 2022.
S. Khawkomol, R. Neamchan, T. Thongsamer, S. Vinitnantharat, B. Panpradit, P. Sohsalam, D. Werner, and W. Mrozik, “Potential of biochar derived from agricultural residues for sustainable management,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 15, p. 8147, 2021.
H. Yang, R. Yan, H. Chen, D. H. Lee and C. Zheng, “Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis,” Fuel, vol. 86, no. 12–13, pp. 1781-1788, Aug. 2007.
B. Esteves, U. Sen, and H. Pereira, “Influence of chemical composition on heating value of biomass: A review and bibliometric analysis,” Energies, vol. 16, no. 10, p. 4226, May. 2023.
Q. Wang and J. Sarkar, “Pyrolysis behaviors of waste coconut shell and husk biomasses,” International Journal of Energy Production and Management, vol.3, no.1, pp.34-43, 2018.
M. G. Lomeli-Ramirez, R. R. Anda, K. Satyanarayana, G. I. Bolzon de Muniz and S. Iwakiri, S., “Comparative study of the characteristics of green and brown coconut fibers for the development of green compoesites,” BioResources, vol.13, no. 1, pp. 1637-1660, Feb. 2018.
M. Kalivodova, M. Balas, P. H. Milcak, M. Lisy, J. Lachman, P. Kracik, P. Krizan and K. Vejrazka, K., “The determination of higher heating value by calculation based on elemental analysis,” Paliva, vol. 13, pp. 8-20, Mar. 2022.
N. Srilek, P.Makarkard, W. Nunto, P. Putthawan and S. Leckpool, “Proximate analysis based higher heating value correlation of biomass and biochar from cacao husk and corncob,” Industrial Technology Lampang Rajabhat University Journal, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 13-25, Jan.-Jun. 2022.
