Study of Calcium Phosphate Cement Derived from Chicken Eggshells for Injectable Bone Repair Applications

Abstract

This study presents the use of chicken eggshells as a key raw material in the synthesis of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP), a major component of calcium phosphate cement (CPC). The research focuses on the application of CPC in an injectable form using 3D printing technology, aiming to simulate real-world medical applications. The results demonstrate that the powder-to-liquid (P/L) ratio significantly influences both the injectability and compressive strength of the CPC. P/L ratios of 1:0.46 and 1:0.48 g/mL achieved maximum compressive strengths of 4.63 and 5.58 MPa, respectively. Although these values are lower than the standard for trabecular bone, they indicate promising potential for further development. The synthesis of TTCP from chicken eggshells not only reduces production costs but also promotes sustainable use of natural resources. These findings highlight the opportunity to enhance the material's mechanical and biological properties, such as incorporating osteogenic stimulants, to improve its suitability for clinical applications, including bone repair and tissue regeneration. This research represents an important step forward in the development of biomedical materials that address both medical and environmental conservation needs in the future.