CYBERSECURITY AWARENESS AMONG PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN FUJIAN PROVINCE, CHINA: PREDICTORS AND ENHANCEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

Main Article Content

Huang Zhan
Songpon Nakharacruangsak

บทคัดย่อ

Against the backdrop of limited empirical research on teachers’ cybersecurity awareness, particularly concerning the role of training frequency, this study aims to: 1) assess the current level of cybersecurity awareness among primary and secondary school teachers in Fujian Province, China; 2) identify its key predictors; and 3) propose targeted recommendations for improvement.


A quantitative questionnaire survey was employed, yielding 321 valid responses, and the data were analyzed using statistical software. Results indicate that respondents had a moderately above-average overall cybersecurity awareness. Gender, age, school location, and training frequency significantly predicted awareness levels, whereas educational background and digital tool usage frequency showed no significant effects. Training frequency exhibited a significant diminishing marginal effect, with 1–2 annual sessions delivering the most cost-effective improvement. This research provides empirical support for developing standardized cybersecurity training for teachers, and its key contribution lies in quantifying the optimal training frequency and offering actionable policy implications.

Article Details

รูปแบบการอ้างอิง
[1]
H. Zhan และ S. Nakharacruangsak, “CYBERSECURITY AWARENESS AMONG PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN FUJIAN PROVINCE, CHINA: PREDICTORS AND ENHANCEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS”, JSCI-SBU, น. e264907, มิ.ย. 2026.
ประเภทบทความ
บทความวิจัย

เอกสารอ้างอิง

Flashpoint, 2024 Global Threat Intelligence Report. New York, NY, USA: Flashpoint, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://flashpoint.io/resources/report/2024-global-threat-intelligence-report/

European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA), ENISA Threat Landscape 2024. Athens, Greece: ENISA, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.2824/0710888.

K. Qi, “A research on the application of virtual network technology in computer network security,” Journal of Electronic Research and Application, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1–6, 2022, doi: 10.26689/JERA.V6I4.4153.

Z. Wang and T. Cheng, “Practical strategies and guarantee mechanisms for cybersecurity literacy education for primary and secondary school students in the United States,” Journal of Teacher Education, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 100–108, Jan. 2023. DOI: 10.13718/j.cnki.jsjy.2023.01.012

H. F. Sapanca and S. Kanbul, “Risk management in digitalized educational environments: Teachers’ information security awareness levels,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 13, Art. no. 986561, Aug. 2022. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.986561

W. Chen, Y. He, X. Tian, and W. He, “Exploring cybersecurity education at the K-12 level,” in Proc. SITE Interactive Conf., E. Langran and D. Rutledge, Eds., Charlottesville, VA, USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, 2021, pp. 108–114.

Q. Zhao and L. Dai, “Digital risks for teachers in the digital age and the way to avoid them,” Journal of Teacher Education, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 40–48, Sep. 2024, DOI: 10.13718/j.cnki.jsjy.2024.05.005.

C. Mourning, H. Chenji, A. Hallman-Thrasher, S. Kaya, N. Abukamail, D. Juedes, and A. Karanth, “Reflections of cybersecurity workshop for K-12 teachers,” in Proc. 54th ACM Tech. Symp. Comput. Sci. Educ. (SIGCSE), New York, NY, USA, 2023, pp. 987–993. DOI: 10.1145/3545945.3569761

European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA), ECSM 2022 Campaign Report. Athens, Greece: ENISA, Mar. 2023, DOI: 10.2824/36758.

K. Parsons, A. McCormac, M. Butavicius, M. Pattinson, and C. Jerram, “Determining employee awareness using the Human Aspects of Information Security Questionnaire (HAIS-Q),” Computers & Security, vol. 42, pp. 165–176, May 2014, DOI: 10.1016/j.cose.2013.12.003.

Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, “Teacher digital literacy (industry standard),” Official Standard Document, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.moe.gov.cn/s78/A10/s5669/202203/

t20220329_619320.html

Y. Cen, “Teacher digital literacy cultivation: Practical dilemmas and global actions,” Journal of Teacher Education, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 38–46, Jul. 2024, DOI: 10.13718/j.cnki.jsjy.2024.04.005.

R. W. Rogers, “A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change,” Journal of Psychology, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 93–114, Jan. 1975. DOI: 10.1080/00223980.1975.9914308

F. D. Davis, “Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology,” MIS Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 319–340, Sep. 1989. DOI: 10.2307/249008

A. Pollini, T. C. Callari, A. Tedeschi, D. Ruscio, L. Save, F. Chiarugi, and D. Guerri, “Leveraging human factors in cybersecurity: An integrated methodological approach,” Cognition, Technology & Work, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 371–390, May 2022. DOI: 10.1007/s10111-021-00683-y

I. Ajzen, “The theory of planned behavior,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 179–211, Feb. 1991. DOI: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

A. Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall, 1986.

R. Ravichandran, S. Singh, and P. Sasikala, “Exploring school teachers’ cyber security awareness, experiences, and practices in the digital age,” Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice, vol. 2025, no. 1, pp. 1–27, Jan. 2025. DOI: 10.62915/2472-2707.1214

O. S. Ahmed, A. Z. Al Rawashdeh, A. R. Al Arab, A. S. Ahmed, S. A. Nasef, and E. M. Abd elrahman, “The impact of school teachers awareness of student cyber security,” Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 17371–17380, 2024, DOI: 10.57239/PJLSS-2024-22.2.001264.

M. Bada, A. M. Sasse, and J. R. C. Nurse,“Cyber security awareness campaigns: Why do they fail to change behaviour?,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Cyber Security for Sustainable Society (CSSS), Coventry, U.K., 2015, pp. 118–131.