Development of an Anti-inflammatory Gel of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb and Piper retrofractum Extracts
Keywords:
Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., Piper retrofractum Vahl., Anti-oxidation, Anti-inflammation, Herbal gelAbstract
This study aimed to identify bioactive compounds, evaluate biological activities, and develop herbal gels from crude extracts of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. and Piper retrofractum Vahl. GC-MS analysis revealed that Z. cassumunar contained (E)-4-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl) but-3-en-1-ol(phenylbutenoid), while P. retrofractum contained piperine (alkaloid), both associated with anti-inflammatory activity. Phytochemical analysis showed that Z. cassumunar exhibited the highest total phenolic content (185.95 ± 23.29 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (217.80 ± 30.53 mg QCE/g). Antioxidant assays indicated strong radical scavenging activity of P. retrofractum with IC50 values of 109.04 ± 2.33 µg/mL (DPPH) and 102.61 ± 0.50 µg/mL (ABTS), whereas Z. cassumunar had the highest reducing power (FRAP: 519.24 ± 10.47 mM Fe2+/mg). Anti-inflammatory evaluation revealed that P. retrofractum had the lowest IC50 (12.89 ± 0.61 µg/mL). Among three herbal gel formulations, the P. retrofractum-based gel demonstrated the strongest nitric oxide inhibition, maintaining stability after six heating–cooling cycles (IC50 = 16.18 ± 1.02 and 15.05 ± 1.41 µg/mL, P>0.05). This study demonstrates that P. retrofractum fruit extract possesses strong anti-inflammatory potential. Moreover, a combined extract of Z. cassumunar and P. retrofractum produced enhanced anti-inflammatory activity compared with the Z. cassumunar extract alone. These findings suggest that the mixed herbal extract can be further developed into a topical herbal gel for external use to help alleviate inflammation. This study provides a foundation for future clinical research on herbal-based anti-inflammatory therapies.
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