ผลของน้ำข่าต่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงโครงสร้างของหัวใจในหนูแรทเพศผู้

Janpen  Bangsumruaj; Thipphawan  Nonthanum; Sasikan  Lertna; Supanan  Porncharoen; Suthawan  Sompinij; Rapipan  Siridet

Authors

Janpen Bangsumruaj Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University
Thipphawan Nonthanum Medical science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University
Sasikan Lertna Medical science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University
Supanan Porncharoen Medical science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University
Suthawan Sompinij Medical science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University
Rapipan Siridet Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University

Keywords:

Alpinia galanga, cardiac structure, cardiomyocytes cross-sectional area, rat, consumption safety

Abstract

Alpinia galanga is a commonly used medicinal herb with a wide range of biological activities. However, information regarding its effects on cardiac structure, particularly under conditions that reflect actual consumption, remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of galangal decoction on cardiac structural changes at gross and microscopic level in male Wistar rats. The rats were randomly divided into two groups (n = 5 per group): a control and a galangal-treated group. The treated group received galangal decoction at 400 mg/kg body weight per day for 14 days. Cardiac physical characteristics and myocardial histology were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The galangal-treated group showed significantly reduced heart weight and length, while ventricular wall thickness was unchanged. At the microscopic level, cardiomyocyte size significantly increased, whereas the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio decreased. A positive correlation between cardiomyocyte size and heart weight was observed only in the treated group. In conclusion, continuous intake of galangal decoction induced cardiac structural changes at gross and microscopic levels. The results provide preliminary data on the cardiac safety of galangal consumption and support further investigation.

References

Mahae N, Chaiseri S. Antioxidant activities and antioxidative components in extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw. Agr Nat Resour 2009;43(2):358-69.

Theanphong O, Jenjittikul T, Somwong P. Unveiling flavonoids in Alpinia species indigenous to Thailand and their relevance with radical scavenging potential and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. J Biol Act Prod Nat 2024;14(6):620-30.

Aziz IM, Alfuraydi AA, Almarfadi OM, Aboul-Soud MAM, Alshememry AK, Alsaleh AN, et al. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial potential of Alpinia galanga (L.) rhizome. Heliyon 2024;10(17):e37196.

Thooptianrat T, Chaveerach A, Sudmoon R, Tanee T, Liehr T, Babayan N. Screening of phytochemicals and toxicity of medicinal plants, Dillenia species, reveals potential natural product resources. J Food Biochem 2017;41(3):e12363.

Samarghandian S, Hadjzadeh MA, Afshari JT, Hosseini M. Antiproliferative activity and induction of apoptotic by ethanolic extract of Alpinia galanga rhizhome in human breast carcinoma cell line. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:192.

Ito K, Nakazato T, Xian MJ, Yamada T, Hozumi N, Murakami A, et al. 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate is a novel nuclear factor kappaB inhibitor with significant activity against multiple myeloma in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 2005;65(10):4417-24.

Awang K, Nurul Azmi MN, In Lian Aun LIL, Nazif Aziz AN, Ibrahim H, Hasima Nagoor N. The apoptotic effect of 1’S-1’-Acetoxychavicol acetate from Alpinia conchigera on human cancer cells. Molecules 2010;15(11):8048-59.

Ye Y, Li B. 1'S-1'-acetoxychavicol acetate isolated from Alpinia galanga inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by blocking Rev transport. J Gen Virol 2006;87(Pt 7):2047-53.

Herath H, Piao MJ, Kang KA, Fernando P, Senavirathna H, Koh YS, et al. Galangin mitigates oxidative damage induced by environmental stresses in skin keratinocytes. Int J Med Sci 2025;22(14):3682-91.

Zou Y, Li R, Kuang D, Zuo M, Li W, Tong W, et al. Galangin inhibits cholangiocarcinoma cell growth and metastasis through downregulation of microRNA-21 expression. Biomed Res Int 2020;2020:5846938.

Lin K, Fu D, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhu C. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of galangin: a potential pathway to inhibit transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor activation. Korean J Pain 2024;37(2):151-63.

Ma X, Tian Y, Xue K, Huai Y, Patil S, Deng X, et al. Kaempferide enhances antioxidant capacity to promote osteogenesis through FoxO1/β-catenin signaling pathway. Eur J Phamacol 2021;911:174555.

Calderón-Montaño JM, Burgos-Morón E, Pérez-Guerrero C, López-Lázaro M. A review on the dietary flavonoid kaempferol. Mini Rev Med Chem 2011;11(4):298-344.

Marchese A, Barbieri R, Coppo E, Orhan IE, Daglia M, Nabavi SF, et al. Antimicrobial activity of eugenol and essential oils containing eugenol: A mechanistic viewpoint. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017;43(6):668-89.

Damasceno ROS, Pinheiro JLS, Rodrigues LHM, Gomes RC, Duarte ABS, Emídio JJ, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of eugenol: An update. Pharmaceuticals 2024;17(11):1505.

Ibrahim S. Alpinia galanga extract inhibits MCF-7/HER2+ Cells by inducing apoptosis. J Sci Technol Res Pharm 2021;2(72-77):1-6.

Awang K, Azmi MN, Aun LI, Aziz AN, Ibrahim H, Nagoor NH. The apoptotic effect of 1's-1'-acetoxychavicol acetate from Alpinia conchigera on human cancer cells. Molecules 2010;15(11):8048-59.

Baradwaj RG, Rao MV, Senthil Kumar T. Novel purification of 1'S-1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate from Alpinia galanga and its cytotoxic plus antiproliferative activity in colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line SW480. Biomed Pharmacother 2017;91:485-93.

Muangnoi P, Lu M, Lee J, Thepouyporn A, Mirzayans R, Le XC, et al. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis and DNA damage induced by Alpinia galanga rhizome extract. Planta Med 2007;73(8):748-54.

Choi JY, Lee NK, Wang YY, Hong JP, Son SR, Gu DH, et al. 1'-Acetoxyeugenol Acetate isolated from Thai Ginger induces apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells by ROS production via NADPH oxidase. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022;11(2).

Ben Attia T, Serairi-Beji R, Horchani M, Aloui S, Salhi M, Galai S, et al. Alpinia galanga rhizome extract shields against noise-induced cardiotoxicity via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions: Experimental insights. Mol Nutr Food Res 2025;69(24):e70320.

Achuthan CR, Padikkala J. Hypolipidemic effect of Alpinia galanga (Rasna) andKaempferia galanga (Kachoori). Indian J Clin Biochem 1997;12(1):55-8.

Iyer D, Sharma BK, Patil UK. Isolation of bioactive phytoconstituent from Alpinia galanga L. with anti-hyperlipidemic activity. J Diet Suppl 2013;10(4):309-17.

Destryana RA, Estiasih T, Pranowo D. The potential uses of Galangal (Alpinia sp.) essential oils as the sources of biologically active compounds. AIMS Agric Food 2024;9(4):1064-109.

Verma RK, Mishra G, Singh P, Jha KK, Khosa RL. Anti-diabetic activity of methanolic extract of Alpinia galanga Linn. aerial parts in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Ayu 2015;36(1):91-5.

Baviskar SN. A quick & automated method for measuring cell area using ImageJ. Am Biol Teach 2011;73(9):554-56.

Hill JA, Olson EN. Cardiac plasticity. N Engl J Med 2008;358(13):1370-80.

Cohn JN, Ferrari R, Sharpe N. Cardiac remodeling--concepts and clinical implications: a consensus paper from an international forum on cardiac remodeling. Behalf of an International Forum on Cardiac Remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35(3):569-82.

Wang HB, Huang SH, Xu M, Yang J, Yang J, Liu MX, et al. Galangin ameliorates cardiac remodeling via the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 and PI3K-AKT pathways. J Cell Physiol 2019;234(9):15654-67.

Thangaiyan R, Arjunan S, Govindasamy K, Khan HA, Alhomida AS, Prasad NR. Galangin attenuates isoproterenol-induced inflammation and fibrosis in the cardiac tissue of Albino wistar rats. Front Pharmacol 2020;11:585163.

Sardsaengjun C, Thipunkaew N. Comparison of extraction techniques for 1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate from dried Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. Rhizomes. JFHB 2024;17(2).

Da'i M, Meilinasary KA, Suhendi A, Haryanti S. Selectivity index of alpinia galanga extract and 1’-acetoxychavicol acetate on cancer cell lines. Indones J Cancer Chemoprev 2019;10(2):95-100.

Safitri PGA, Da’i M, Wulandari F. 1’-Acetoxychavicol acetate suppresses osteosarcoma cell proliferation through the PI3K Pathway: A molecular docking and cytotoxicity study. Mol Cell Biomed Sci 2025;9(2):105-14.

Karunarathne P, Thammitiyagodage M, Weerakkody N. Safety evaluation of galangal (Alpinia galanga) extract for therapeutic use as an antimicrobial agent. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018;8:4582-90.

Sandra F, Sudiono J, Trisfilha P, Pratiwi D. Cytotoxicity of Alpinia galanga rhizome crude extract on NIH-3T3 cells. Indones Biomed J 2017;9(1):23-8.

Zhou LY, Liu JP, Wang K, Gao J, Ding SL, Jiao JQ, et al. Mitochondrial function in cardiac hypertrophy. Int J Cardiol 2013;167(4):1118-25.

Bishop SP, Zhang J, Ye L. Cardiomyocyte proliferation from fetal- to adult- and from normal- to hypertrophy and failing hearts. Biology (Basel) 2022;11(6).